VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage/storage.go

package storage

import (
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"math"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"regexp"
	"runtime"
	"sort"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"
	"unsafe"

	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/bytesutil"
	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/encoding"
	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/fs"
	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logger"
	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/memory"
	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/timerpool"
	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/uint64set"
	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/workingsetcache"
	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache"
)

const maxRetentionMonths = 12 * 100

// Storage represents TSDB storage.
type Storage struct {
	// Atomic counters must go at the top of the structure in order to properly align by 8 bytes on 32-bit archs.
	// See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/212 .
	tooSmallTimestampRows uint64
	tooBigTimestampRows   uint64

	addRowsConcurrencyLimitReached uint64
	addRowsConcurrencyLimitTimeout uint64
	addRowsConcurrencyDroppedRows  uint64

	path            string
	cachePath       string
	retentionMonths int

	// lock file for exclusive access to the storage on the given path.
	flockF *os.File

	idbCurr atomic.Value

	tb *table

	// tsidCache is MetricName -> TSID cache.
	tsidCache *workingsetcache.Cache

	// metricIDCache is MetricID -> TSID cache.
	metricIDCache *workingsetcache.Cache

	// metricNameCache is MetricID -> MetricName cache.
	metricNameCache *workingsetcache.Cache

	// dateMetricIDCache is (Date, MetricID) cache.
	dateMetricIDCache *workingsetcache.Cache

	// Fast cache for MetricID values occured during the current hour.
	currHourMetricIDs atomic.Value

	// Fast cache for MetricID values occured during the previous hour.
	prevHourMetricIDs atomic.Value

	// Pending MetricID values to be added to currHourMetricIDs.
	pendingHourEntriesLock sync.Mutex
	pendingHourEntries     []pendingHourMetricIDEntry

	stop chan struct{}

	currHourMetricIDsUpdaterWG sync.WaitGroup
	retentionWatcherWG         sync.WaitGroup
}

type pendingHourMetricIDEntry struct {
	AccountID uint32
	ProjectID uint32
	MetricID  uint64
}

type accountProjectKey struct {
	AccountID uint32
	ProjectID uint32
}

// OpenStorage opens storage on the given path with the given number of retention months.
func OpenStorage(path string, retentionMonths int) (*Storage, error) {
	if retentionMonths > maxRetentionMonths {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("too big retentionMonths=%d; cannot exceed %d", retentionMonths, maxRetentionMonths)
	}
	if retentionMonths <= 0 {
		retentionMonths = maxRetentionMonths
	}
	path, err := filepath.Abs(path)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot determine absolute path for %q: %s", path, err)
	}

	s := &Storage{
		path:            path,
		cachePath:       path + "/cache",
		retentionMonths: retentionMonths,

		stop: make(chan struct{}),
	}

	if err := fs.MkdirAllIfNotExist(path); err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot create a directory for the storage at %q: %s", path, err)
	}
	snapshotsPath := path + "/snapshots"
	if err := fs.MkdirAllIfNotExist(snapshotsPath); err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot create %q: %s", snapshotsPath, err)
	}

	// Protect from concurrent opens.
	flockF, err := fs.CreateFlockFile(path)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	s.flockF = flockF

	// Load caches.
	mem := memory.Allowed()
	s.tsidCache = s.mustLoadCache("MetricName->TSID", "metricName_tsid", mem/3)
	s.metricIDCache = s.mustLoadCache("MetricID->TSID", "metricID_tsid", mem/16)
	s.metricNameCache = s.mustLoadCache("MetricID->MetricName", "metricID_metricName", mem/8)
	s.dateMetricIDCache = s.mustLoadCache("Date->MetricID", "date_metricID", mem/32)

	hour := uint64(timestampFromTime(time.Now())) / msecPerHour
	hmCurr := s.mustLoadHourMetricIDs(hour, "curr_hour_metric_ids")
	hmPrev := s.mustLoadHourMetricIDs(hour-1, "prev_hour_metric_ids")
	s.currHourMetricIDs.Store(hmCurr)
	s.prevHourMetricIDs.Store(hmPrev)

	// Load indexdb
	idbPath := path + "/indexdb"
	idbSnapshotsPath := idbPath + "/snapshots"
	if err := fs.MkdirAllIfNotExist(idbSnapshotsPath); err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot create %q: %s", idbSnapshotsPath, err)
	}
	idbCurr, idbPrev, err := openIndexDBTables(idbPath, s.metricIDCache, s.metricNameCache, &s.currHourMetricIDs, &s.prevHourMetricIDs)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot open indexdb tables at %q: %s", idbPath, err)
	}
	idbCurr.SetExtDB(idbPrev)
	s.idbCurr.Store(idbCurr)

	// Initialize iidx. hmCurr and hmPrev shouldn't be used till now,
	// so it should be safe initializing it inplace.
	hmPrev.iidx = newInmemoryInvertedIndex()
	hmPrev.iidx.MustUpdate(s.idb(), hmPrev.byTenant)
	hmCurr.iidx = newInmemoryInvertedIndex()
	hmCurr.iidx.MustUpdate(s.idb(), hmCurr.byTenant)

	// Load data
	tablePath := path + "/data"
	tb, err := openTable(tablePath, retentionMonths, s.getDeletedMetricIDs)
	if err != nil {
		s.idb().MustClose()
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot open table at %q: %s", tablePath, err)
	}
	s.tb = tb

	s.startCurrHourMetricIDsUpdater()
	s.startRetentionWatcher()

	return s, nil
}

// debugFlush flushes recently added storage data, so it becomes visible to search.
func (s *Storage) debugFlush() {
	s.tb.flushRawRows()
	s.idb().tb.DebugFlush()
}

func (s *Storage) getDeletedMetricIDs() *uint64set.Set {
	return s.idb().getDeletedMetricIDs()
}

// CreateSnapshot creates snapshot for s and returns the snapshot name.
func (s *Storage) CreateSnapshot() (string, error) {
	logger.Infof("creating Storage snapshot for %q...", s.path)
	startTime := time.Now()

	snapshotName := fmt.Sprintf("%s-%08X", time.Now().UTC().Format("20060102150405"), nextSnapshotIdx())
	srcDir := s.path
	dstDir := fmt.Sprintf("%s/snapshots/%s", srcDir, snapshotName)
	if err := fs.MkdirAllFailIfExist(dstDir); err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("cannot create dir %q: %s", dstDir, err)
	}
	dstDataDir := dstDir + "/data"
	if err := fs.MkdirAllFailIfExist(dstDataDir); err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("cannot create dir %q: %s", dstDataDir, err)
	}

	smallDir, bigDir, err := s.tb.CreateSnapshot(snapshotName)
	if err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("cannot create table snapshot: %s", err)
	}
	dstSmallDir := dstDataDir + "/small"
	if err := fs.SymlinkRelative(smallDir, dstSmallDir); err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("cannot create symlink from %q to %q: %s", smallDir, dstSmallDir, err)
	}
	dstBigDir := dstDataDir + "/big"
	if err := fs.SymlinkRelative(bigDir, dstBigDir); err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("cannot create symlink from %q to %q: %s", bigDir, dstBigDir, err)
	}
	fs.MustSyncPath(dstDataDir)

	idbSnapshot := fmt.Sprintf("%s/indexdb/snapshots/%s", s.path, snapshotName)
	idb := s.idb()
	currSnapshot := idbSnapshot + "/" + idb.name
	if err := idb.tb.CreateSnapshotAt(currSnapshot); err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("cannot create curr indexDB snapshot: %s", err)
	}
	ok := idb.doExtDB(func(extDB *indexDB) {
		prevSnapshot := idbSnapshot + "/" + extDB.name
		err = extDB.tb.CreateSnapshotAt(prevSnapshot)
	})
	if ok && err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("cannot create prev indexDB snapshot: %s", err)
	}
	dstIdbDir := dstDir + "/indexdb"
	if err := fs.SymlinkRelative(idbSnapshot, dstIdbDir); err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("cannot create symlink from %q to %q: %s", idbSnapshot, dstIdbDir, err)
	}

	fs.MustSyncPath(dstDir)
	fs.MustSyncPath(srcDir + "/snapshots")

	logger.Infof("created Storage snapshot for %q at %q in %s", srcDir, dstDir, time.Since(startTime))
	return snapshotName, nil
}

var snapshotNameRegexp = regexp.MustCompile("^[0-9]{14}-[0-9A-Fa-f]+$")

// ListSnapshots returns sorted list of existing snapshots for s.
func (s *Storage) ListSnapshots() ([]string, error) {
	snapshotsPath := s.path + "/snapshots"
	d, err := os.Open(snapshotsPath)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot open %q: %s", snapshotsPath, err)
	}
	defer fs.MustClose(d)

	fnames, err := d.Readdirnames(-1)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot read contents of %q: %s", snapshotsPath, err)
	}
	snapshotNames := make([]string, 0, len(fnames))
	for _, fname := range fnames {
		if !snapshotNameRegexp.MatchString(fname) {
			continue
		}
		snapshotNames = append(snapshotNames, fname)
	}
	sort.Strings(snapshotNames)
	return snapshotNames, nil
}

// DeleteSnapshot deletes the given snapshot.
func (s *Storage) DeleteSnapshot(snapshotName string) error {
	if !snapshotNameRegexp.MatchString(snapshotName) {
		return fmt.Errorf("invalid snapshotName %q", snapshotName)
	}
	snapshotPath := s.path + "/snapshots/" + snapshotName

	logger.Infof("deleting snapshot %q...", snapshotPath)
	startTime := time.Now()

	s.tb.MustDeleteSnapshot(snapshotName)
	idbPath := fmt.Sprintf("%s/indexdb/snapshots/%s", s.path, snapshotName)
	fs.MustRemoveAll(idbPath)
	fs.MustRemoveAll(snapshotPath)

	logger.Infof("deleted snapshot %q in %s", snapshotPath, time.Since(startTime))

	return nil
}

var snapshotIdx = uint64(time.Now().UnixNano())

func nextSnapshotIdx() uint64 {
	return atomic.AddUint64(&snapshotIdx, 1)
}

func (s *Storage) idb() *indexDB {
	return s.idbCurr.Load().(*indexDB)
}

// Metrics contains essential metrics for the Storage.
type Metrics struct {
	TooSmallTimestampRows uint64
	TooBigTimestampRows   uint64

	AddRowsConcurrencyLimitReached uint64
	AddRowsConcurrencyLimitTimeout uint64
	AddRowsConcurrencyDroppedRows  uint64
	AddRowsConcurrencyCapacity     uint64
	AddRowsConcurrencyCurrent      uint64

	TSIDCacheSize       uint64
	TSIDCacheSizeBytes  uint64
	TSIDCacheRequests   uint64
	TSIDCacheMisses     uint64
	TSIDCacheCollisions uint64

	MetricIDCacheSize       uint64
	MetricIDCacheSizeBytes  uint64
	MetricIDCacheRequests   uint64
	MetricIDCacheMisses     uint64
	MetricIDCacheCollisions uint64

	MetricNameCacheSize       uint64
	MetricNameCacheSizeBytes  uint64
	MetricNameCacheRequests   uint64
	MetricNameCacheMisses     uint64
	MetricNameCacheCollisions uint64

	DateMetricIDCacheSize       uint64
	DateMetricIDCacheSizeBytes  uint64
	DateMetricIDCacheRequests   uint64
	DateMetricIDCacheMisses     uint64
	DateMetricIDCacheCollisions uint64

	HourMetricIDCacheSize uint64

	RecentHourInvertedIndexSize                 uint64
	RecentHourInvertedIndexUniqueTagPairsSize   uint64
	RecentHourInvertedIndexPendingMetricIDsSize uint64

	IndexDBMetrics IndexDBMetrics
	TableMetrics   TableMetrics
}

// Reset resets m.
func (m *Metrics) Reset() {
	*m = Metrics{}
}

// UpdateMetrics updates m with metrics from s.
func (s *Storage) UpdateMetrics(m *Metrics) {
	m.TooSmallTimestampRows += atomic.LoadUint64(&s.tooSmallTimestampRows)
	m.TooBigTimestampRows += atomic.LoadUint64(&s.tooBigTimestampRows)

	m.AddRowsConcurrencyLimitReached += atomic.LoadUint64(&s.addRowsConcurrencyLimitReached)
	m.AddRowsConcurrencyLimitTimeout += atomic.LoadUint64(&s.addRowsConcurrencyLimitTimeout)
	m.AddRowsConcurrencyDroppedRows += atomic.LoadUint64(&s.addRowsConcurrencyDroppedRows)
	m.AddRowsConcurrencyCapacity = uint64(cap(addRowsConcurrencyCh))
	m.AddRowsConcurrencyCurrent = uint64(len(addRowsConcurrencyCh))

	var cs fastcache.Stats
	s.tsidCache.UpdateStats(&cs)
	m.TSIDCacheSize += cs.EntriesCount
	m.TSIDCacheSizeBytes += cs.BytesSize
	m.TSIDCacheRequests += cs.GetCalls
	m.TSIDCacheMisses += cs.Misses
	m.TSIDCacheCollisions += cs.Collisions

	cs.Reset()
	s.metricIDCache.UpdateStats(&cs)
	m.MetricIDCacheSize += cs.EntriesCount
	m.MetricIDCacheSizeBytes += cs.BytesSize
	m.MetricIDCacheRequests += cs.GetCalls
	m.MetricIDCacheMisses += cs.Misses
	m.MetricIDCacheCollisions += cs.Collisions

	cs.Reset()
	s.metricNameCache.UpdateStats(&cs)
	m.MetricNameCacheSize += cs.EntriesCount
	m.MetricNameCacheSizeBytes += cs.BytesSize
	m.MetricNameCacheRequests += cs.GetCalls
	m.MetricNameCacheMisses += cs.Misses
	m.MetricNameCacheCollisions += cs.Collisions

	cs.Reset()
	s.dateMetricIDCache.UpdateStats(&cs)
	m.DateMetricIDCacheSize += cs.EntriesCount
	m.DateMetricIDCacheSizeBytes += cs.BytesSize
	m.DateMetricIDCacheRequests += cs.GetCalls
	m.DateMetricIDCacheMisses += cs.Misses
	m.DateMetricIDCacheCollisions += cs.Collisions

	hmCurr := s.currHourMetricIDs.Load().(*hourMetricIDs)
	hmPrev := s.prevHourMetricIDs.Load().(*hourMetricIDs)
	hourMetricIDsLen := hmPrev.m.Len()
	if hmCurr.m.Len() > hourMetricIDsLen {
		hourMetricIDsLen = hmCurr.m.Len()
	}
	m.HourMetricIDCacheSize += uint64(hourMetricIDsLen)

	m.RecentHourInvertedIndexSize += uint64(hmPrev.iidx.GetEntriesCount())
	m.RecentHourInvertedIndexSize += uint64(hmCurr.iidx.GetEntriesCount())

	m.RecentHourInvertedIndexUniqueTagPairsSize += uint64(hmPrev.iidx.GetUniqueTagPairsLen())
	m.RecentHourInvertedIndexUniqueTagPairsSize += uint64(hmCurr.iidx.GetUniqueTagPairsLen())

	m.RecentHourInvertedIndexPendingMetricIDsSize += uint64(hmPrev.iidx.GetPendingMetricIDsLen())
	m.RecentHourInvertedIndexPendingMetricIDsSize += uint64(hmCurr.iidx.GetPendingMetricIDsLen())

	s.idb().UpdateMetrics(&m.IndexDBMetrics)
	s.tb.UpdateMetrics(&m.TableMetrics)
}

func (s *Storage) startRetentionWatcher() {
	s.retentionWatcherWG.Add(1)
	go func() {
		s.retentionWatcher()
		s.retentionWatcherWG.Done()
	}()
}

func (s *Storage) retentionWatcher() {
	for {
		d := nextRetentionDuration(s.retentionMonths)
		select {
		case <-s.stop:
			return
		case <-time.After(d):
			s.mustRotateIndexDB()
		}
	}
}

func (s *Storage) startCurrHourMetricIDsUpdater() {
	s.currHourMetricIDsUpdaterWG.Add(1)
	go func() {
		s.currHourMetricIDsUpdater()
		s.currHourMetricIDsUpdaterWG.Done()
	}()
}

var currHourMetricIDsUpdateInterval = time.Second * 10

func (s *Storage) currHourMetricIDsUpdater() {
	t := time.NewTimer(currHourMetricIDsUpdateInterval)
	for {
		select {
		case <-s.stop:
			s.updateCurrHourMetricIDs()
			return
		case <-t.C:
			s.updateCurrHourMetricIDs()
			t.Reset(currHourMetricIDsUpdateInterval)
		}
	}
}

func (s *Storage) mustRotateIndexDB() {
	// Create new indexdb table.
	newTableName := nextIndexDBTableName()
	idbNewPath := s.path + "/indexdb/" + newTableName
	idbNew, err := openIndexDB(idbNewPath, s.metricIDCache, s.metricNameCache, &s.currHourMetricIDs, &s.prevHourMetricIDs)
	if err != nil {
		logger.Panicf("FATAL: cannot create new indexDB at %q: %s", idbNewPath, err)
	}

	// Drop extDB
	idbCurr := s.idb()
	idbCurr.doExtDB(func(extDB *indexDB) {
		extDB.scheduleToDrop()
	})
	idbCurr.SetExtDB(nil)

	// Start using idbNew
	idbNew.SetExtDB(idbCurr)
	s.idbCurr.Store(idbNew)

	// Persist changes on the file system.
	fs.MustSyncPath(s.path)

	// Flush tsidCache, so idbNew can be populated with fresh data.
	s.tsidCache.Reset()

	// Flush dateMetricIDCache, so idbNew can be populated with fresh data.
	s.dateMetricIDCache.Reset()

	// Do not flush metricIDCache and metricNameCache, since all the metricIDs
	// from prev idb remain valid after the rotation.
}

// MustClose closes the storage.
func (s *Storage) MustClose() {
	close(s.stop)

	s.retentionWatcherWG.Wait()
	s.currHourMetricIDsUpdaterWG.Wait()

	s.tb.MustClose()
	s.idb().MustClose()

	// Save caches.
	s.mustSaveAndStopCache(s.tsidCache, "MetricName->TSID", "metricName_tsid")
	s.mustSaveAndStopCache(s.metricIDCache, "MetricID->TSID", "metricID_tsid")
	s.mustSaveAndStopCache(s.metricNameCache, "MetricID->MetricName", "metricID_metricName")
	s.mustSaveAndStopCache(s.dateMetricIDCache, "Date->MetricID", "date_metricID")

	hmCurr := s.currHourMetricIDs.Load().(*hourMetricIDs)
	s.mustSaveHourMetricIDs(hmCurr, "curr_hour_metric_ids")
	hmPrev := s.prevHourMetricIDs.Load().(*hourMetricIDs)
	s.mustSaveHourMetricIDs(hmPrev, "prev_hour_metric_ids")

	// Release lock file.
	if err := s.flockF.Close(); err != nil {
		logger.Panicf("FATAL: cannot close lock file %q: %s", s.flockF.Name(), err)
	}
}

func (s *Storage) mustLoadHourMetricIDs(hour uint64, name string) *hourMetricIDs {
	path := s.cachePath + "/" + name
	logger.Infof("loading %s from %q...", name, path)
	startTime := time.Now()
	if !fs.IsPathExist(path) {
		logger.Infof("nothing to load from %q", path)
		return &hourMetricIDs{
			hour: hour,
		}
	}
	src, err := ioutil.ReadFile(path)
	if err != nil {
		logger.Panicf("FATAL: cannot read %s: %s", path, err)
	}
	srcOrigLen := len(src)
	if len(src) < 24 {
		logger.Errorf("discarding %s, since it has broken header; got %d bytes; want %d bytes", path, len(src), 24)
		return &hourMetricIDs{
			hour: hour,
		}
	}

	// Unmarshal header
	isFull := encoding.UnmarshalUint64(src)
	src = src[8:]
	hourLoaded := encoding.UnmarshalUint64(src)
	src = src[8:]
	if hourLoaded != hour {
		logger.Infof("discarding %s, since it contains outdated hour; got %d; want %d", name, hourLoaded, hour)
		return &hourMetricIDs{
			hour: hour,
		}
	}

	// Unmarshal hm.m
	hmLen := encoding.UnmarshalUint64(src)
	src = src[8:]
	if uint64(len(src)) < 8*hmLen {
		logger.Errorf("discarding %s, since it has broken hm.m data; got %d bytes; want %d bytes", path, len(src), 8*hmLen)
		return &hourMetricIDs{
			hour: hour,
		}
	}
	m := &uint64set.Set{}
	for i := uint64(0); i < hmLen; i++ {
		metricID := encoding.UnmarshalUint64(src)
		src = src[8:]
		m.Add(metricID)
	}

	// Unmarshal hm.byTenant
	if len(src) < 8 {
		logger.Errorf("discarding %s, since it has broken hm.byTenant header; got %d bytes; want %d bytes", path, len(src), 8)
		return &hourMetricIDs{}
	}
	byTenantLen := encoding.UnmarshalUint64(src)
	src = src[8:]
	byTenant := make(map[accountProjectKey]*uint64set.Set, byTenantLen)
	for i := uint64(0); i < byTenantLen; i++ {
		if len(src) < 16 {
			logger.Errorf("discarding %s, since it has broken accountID:projectID prefix; got %d bytes; want %d bytes", path, len(src), 16)
			return &hourMetricIDs{}
		}
		accountID := encoding.UnmarshalUint32(src)
		src = src[4:]
		projectID := encoding.UnmarshalUint32(src)
		src = src[4:]
		mLen := encoding.UnmarshalUint64(src)
		src = src[8:]
		if uint64(len(src)) < 8*mLen {
			logger.Errorf("discarding %s, since it has borken accountID:projectID entry; got %d bytes; want %d bytes", path, len(src), 8*mLen)
			return &hourMetricIDs{}
		}
		m := &uint64set.Set{}
		for j := uint64(0); j < mLen; j++ {
			metricID := encoding.UnmarshalUint64(src)
			src = src[8:]
			m.Add(metricID)
		}
		k := accountProjectKey{
			AccountID: accountID,
			ProjectID: projectID,
		}
		byTenant[k] = m
	}

	logger.Infof("loaded %s from %q in %s; entriesCount: %d; sizeBytes: %d", name, path, time.Since(startTime), hmLen, srcOrigLen)
	return &hourMetricIDs{
		m:        m,
		byTenant: byTenant,
		hour:     hourLoaded,
		isFull:   isFull != 0,
	}
}

func (s *Storage) mustSaveHourMetricIDs(hm *hourMetricIDs, name string) {
	path := s.cachePath + "/" + name
	logger.Infof("saving %s to %q...", name, path)
	startTime := time.Now()
	dst := make([]byte, 0, hm.m.Len()*8+24)
	isFull := uint64(0)
	if hm.isFull {
		isFull = 1
	}

	// Marshal header
	dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, isFull)
	dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, hm.hour)

	// Marshal hm.m
	dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, uint64(hm.m.Len()))
	for _, metricID := range hm.m.AppendTo(nil) {
		dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, metricID)
	}

	// Marshal hm.byTenant
	var metricIDs []uint64
	dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, uint64(len(hm.byTenant)))
	for k, e := range hm.byTenant {
		dst = encoding.MarshalUint32(dst, k.AccountID)
		dst = encoding.MarshalUint32(dst, k.ProjectID)
		dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, uint64(e.Len()))
		metricIDs = e.AppendTo(metricIDs[:0])
		for _, metricID := range metricIDs {
			dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, metricID)
		}
	}
	if err := ioutil.WriteFile(path, dst, 0644); err != nil {
		logger.Panicf("FATAL: cannot write %d bytes to %q: %s", len(dst), path, err)
	}
	logger.Infof("saved %s to %q in %s; entriesCount: %d; sizeBytes: %d", name, path, time.Since(startTime), hm.m.Len(), len(dst))
}

func (s *Storage) mustLoadCache(info, name string, sizeBytes int) *workingsetcache.Cache {
	path := s.cachePath + "/" + name
	logger.Infof("loading %s cache from %q...", info, path)
	startTime := time.Now()
	c := workingsetcache.Load(path, sizeBytes, time.Hour)
	var cs fastcache.Stats
	c.UpdateStats(&cs)
	logger.Infof("loaded %s cache from %q in %s; entriesCount: %d; sizeBytes: %d",
		info, path, time.Since(startTime), cs.EntriesCount, cs.BytesSize)
	return c
}

func (s *Storage) mustSaveAndStopCache(c *workingsetcache.Cache, info, name string) {
	path := s.cachePath + "/" + name
	logger.Infof("saving %s cache to %q...", info, path)
	startTime := time.Now()
	if err := c.Save(path); err != nil {
		logger.Panicf("FATAL: cannot save %s cache to %q: %s", info, path, err)
	}
	var cs fastcache.Stats
	c.UpdateStats(&cs)
	c.Stop()
	logger.Infof("saved %s cache to %q in %s; entriesCount: %d; sizeBytes: %d",
		info, path, time.Since(startTime), cs.EntriesCount, cs.BytesSize)
}

func nextRetentionDuration(retentionMonths int) time.Duration {
	t := time.Now().UTC()
	n := t.Year()*12 + int(t.Month()) - 1 + retentionMonths
	n -= n % retentionMonths
	y := n / 12
	m := time.Month((n % 12) + 1)
	deadline := time.Date(y, m, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
	return deadline.Sub(t)
}

// searchTSIDs returns sorted TSIDs for the given tfss and the given tr.
func (s *Storage) searchTSIDs(tfss []*TagFilters, tr TimeRange, maxMetrics int) ([]TSID, error) {
	// Do not cache tfss -> tsids here, since the caching is performed
	// on idb level.
	tsids, err := s.idb().searchTSIDs(tfss, tr, maxMetrics)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error when searching tsids for tfss %q: %s", tfss, err)
	}
	return tsids, nil
}

// DeleteMetrics deletes all the metrics matching the given tfss.
//
// Returns the number of metrics deleted.
func (s *Storage) DeleteMetrics(tfss []*TagFilters) (int, error) {
	deletedCount, err := s.idb().DeleteTSIDs(tfss)
	if err != nil {
		return deletedCount, fmt.Errorf("cannot delete tsids: %s", err)
	}
	// Do not reset MetricName -> TSID cache (tsidCache), since the obtained
	// entries must be checked against deleted metricIDs.
	// See Storage.add for details.
	//
	// Do not reset MetricID -> MetricName cache, since it must be used only
	// after filtering out deleted metricIDs.
	return deletedCount, nil
}

// searchMetricName appends metric name for the given metricID to dst
// and returns the result.
func (s *Storage) searchMetricName(dst []byte, metricID uint64, accountID, projectID uint32) ([]byte, error) {
	return s.idb().searchMetricName(dst, metricID, accountID, projectID)
}

// SearchTagKeys searches for tag keys for the given (accountID, projectID).
func (s *Storage) SearchTagKeys(accountID, projectID uint32, maxTagKeys int) ([]string, error) {
	return s.idb().SearchTagKeys(accountID, projectID, maxTagKeys)
}

// SearchTagValues searches for tag values for the given tagKey in (accountID, projectID).
func (s *Storage) SearchTagValues(accountID, projectID uint32, tagKey []byte, maxTagValues int) ([]string, error) {
	return s.idb().SearchTagValues(accountID, projectID, tagKey, maxTagValues)
}

// SearchTagEntries returns a list of (tagName -> tagValues) for (accountID, projectID).
func (s *Storage) SearchTagEntries(accountID, projectID uint32, maxTagKeys, maxTagValues int) ([]TagEntry, error) {
	idb := s.idb()
	keys, err := idb.SearchTagKeys(accountID, projectID, maxTagKeys)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot search tag keys: %s", err)
	}

	// Sort keys for faster seeks below
	sort.Strings(keys)

	tes := make([]TagEntry, len(keys))
	for i, key := range keys {
		values, err := idb.SearchTagValues(accountID, projectID, []byte(key), maxTagValues)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot search values for tag %q: %s", key, err)
		}
		te := &tes[i]
		te.Key = key
		te.Values = values
	}
	return tes, nil
}

// TagEntry contains (tagName -> tagValues) mapping
type TagEntry struct {
	// Key is tagName
	Key string

	// Values contains all the values for Key.
	Values []string
}

// GetSeriesCount returns the approximate number of unique time series for the given (accountID, projectID).
//
// It includes the deleted series too and may count the same series
// up to two times - in db and extDB.
func (s *Storage) GetSeriesCount(accountID, projectID uint32) (uint64, error) {
	return s.idb().GetSeriesCount(accountID, projectID)
}

// MetricRow is a metric to insert into storage.
type MetricRow struct {
	// MetricNameRaw contains raw metric name, which must be decoded
	// with MetricName.unmarshalRaw.
	MetricNameRaw []byte

	Timestamp int64
	Value     float64
}

// CopyFrom copies src to mr.
func (mr *MetricRow) CopyFrom(src *MetricRow) {
	mr.MetricNameRaw = append(mr.MetricNameRaw[:0], src.MetricNameRaw...)
	mr.Timestamp = src.Timestamp
	mr.Value = src.Value
}

// String returns string representation of the mr.
func (mr *MetricRow) String() string {
	metricName := string(mr.MetricNameRaw)
	var mn MetricName
	if err := mn.unmarshalRaw(mr.MetricNameRaw); err == nil {
		metricName = mn.String()
	}
	return fmt.Sprintf("MetricName=%s, Timestamp=%d, Value=%f\n", metricName, mr.Timestamp, mr.Value)
}

// Marshal appends marshaled mr to dst and returns the result.
func (mr *MetricRow) Marshal(dst []byte) []byte {
	return MarshalMetricRow(dst, mr.MetricNameRaw, mr.Timestamp, mr.Value)
}

// MarshalMetricRow marshals MetricRow data to dst and returns the result.
func MarshalMetricRow(dst []byte, metricNameRaw []byte, timestamp int64, value float64) []byte {
	dst = encoding.MarshalBytes(dst, metricNameRaw)
	dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, uint64(timestamp))
	dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, math.Float64bits(value))
	return dst
}

// Unmarshal unmarshals mr from src and returns the remaining tail from src.
func (mr *MetricRow) Unmarshal(src []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	tail, metricNameRaw, err := encoding.UnmarshalBytes(src)
	if err != nil {
		return tail, fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal MetricName: %s", err)
	}
	mr.MetricNameRaw = append(mr.MetricNameRaw[:0], metricNameRaw...)

	if len(tail) < 8 {
		return tail, fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal Timestamp: want %d bytes; have %d bytes", 8, len(tail))
	}
	timestamp := encoding.UnmarshalUint64(tail)
	mr.Timestamp = int64(timestamp)
	tail = tail[8:]

	if len(tail) < 8 {
		return tail, fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal Value: want %d bytes; have %d bytes", 8, len(tail))
	}
	value := encoding.UnmarshalUint64(tail)
	mr.Value = math.Float64frombits(value)
	tail = tail[8:]

	return tail, nil
}

// AddRows adds the given mrs to s.
func (s *Storage) AddRows(mrs []MetricRow, precisionBits uint8) error {
	if len(mrs) == 0 {
		return nil
	}

	// Limit the number of concurrent goroutines that may add rows to the storage.
	// This should prevent from out of memory errors and CPU trashing when too many
	// goroutines call AddRows.
	select {
	case addRowsConcurrencyCh <- struct{}{}:
		defer func() { <-addRowsConcurrencyCh }()
	default:
		// Sleep for a while until giving up
		atomic.AddUint64(&s.addRowsConcurrencyLimitReached, 1)
		t := timerpool.Get(addRowsTimeout)
		select {
		case addRowsConcurrencyCh <- struct{}{}:
			timerpool.Put(t)
			defer func() { <-addRowsConcurrencyCh }()
		case <-t.C:
			timerpool.Put(t)
			atomic.AddUint64(&s.addRowsConcurrencyLimitTimeout, 1)
			atomic.AddUint64(&s.addRowsConcurrencyDroppedRows, uint64(len(mrs)))
			return fmt.Errorf("Cannot add %d rows to storage in %s, since it is overloaded with %d concurrent writers. Add more CPUs or reduce load",
				len(mrs), addRowsTimeout, cap(addRowsConcurrencyCh))
		}
	}

	// Add rows to the storage.
	var err error
	rr := getRawRowsWithSize(len(mrs))
	rr.rows, err = s.add(rr.rows, mrs, precisionBits)
	putRawRows(rr)

	return err
}

var (
	addRowsConcurrencyCh = make(chan struct{}, runtime.GOMAXPROCS(-1)*2)
	addRowsTimeout       = 30 * time.Second
)

func (s *Storage) add(rows []rawRow, mrs []MetricRow, precisionBits uint8) ([]rawRow, error) {
	var is *indexSearch
	var mn *MetricName
	var kb *bytesutil.ByteBuffer

	idb := s.idb()
	dmis := idb.getDeletedMetricIDs()
	rowsLen := len(rows)
	if n := rowsLen + len(mrs) - cap(rows); n > 0 {
		rows = append(rows[:cap(rows)], make([]rawRow, n)...)
	}
	rows = rows[:rowsLen+len(mrs)]
	j := 0
	minTimestamp, maxTimestamp := s.tb.getMinMaxTimestamps()
	// Return only the last error, since it has no sense in returning all errors.
	var lastWarn error
	for i := range mrs {
		mr := &mrs[i]
		if math.IsNaN(mr.Value) {
			// Just skip NaNs, since the underlying encoding
			// doesn't know how to work with them.
			continue
		}
		if mr.Timestamp < minTimestamp {
			// Skip rows with too small timestamps outside the retention.
			lastWarn = fmt.Errorf("cannot insert row with too small timestamp %d outside the retention; minimum allowed timestamp is %d", mr.Timestamp, minTimestamp)
			atomic.AddUint64(&s.tooSmallTimestampRows, 1)
			continue
		}
		if mr.Timestamp > maxTimestamp {
			// Skip rows with too big timestamps significantly exceeding the current time.
			lastWarn = fmt.Errorf("cannot insert row with too big timestamp %d exceeding the current time; maximum allowd timestamp is %d", mr.Timestamp, maxTimestamp)
			atomic.AddUint64(&s.tooBigTimestampRows, 1)
			continue
		}
		r := &rows[rowsLen+j]
		j++
		r.Timestamp = mr.Timestamp
		r.Value = mr.Value
		r.PrecisionBits = precisionBits
		if s.getTSIDFromCache(&r.TSID, mr.MetricNameRaw) {
			if !dmis.Has(r.TSID.MetricID) {
				// Fast path - the TSID for the given MetricName has been found in cache and isn't deleted.
				continue
			}
		}

		// Slow path - the TSID is missing in the cache. Search for it in the index.
		if is == nil {
			is = idb.getIndexSearch()
			mn = GetMetricName()
			kb = kbPool.Get()
		}
		if err := mn.unmarshalRaw(mr.MetricNameRaw); err != nil {
			// Do not stop adding rows on error - just skip invalid row.
			// This guarantees that invalid rows don't prevent
			// from adding valid rows into the storage.
			lastWarn = fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal MetricNameRaw %q: %s", mr.MetricNameRaw, err)
			j--
			continue
		}
		mn.sortTags()
		kb.B = mn.Marshal(kb.B[:0])
		if err := is.GetOrCreateTSIDByName(&r.TSID, kb.B); err != nil {
			// Do not stop adding rows on error - just skip invalid row.
			// This guarantees that invalid rows don't prevent
			// from adding valid rows into the storage.
			lastWarn = fmt.Errorf("cannot obtain TSID for MetricName %q: %s", kb.B, err)
			j--
			continue
		}
		s.putTSIDToCache(&r.TSID, mr.MetricNameRaw)
	}
	if lastWarn != nil {
		logger.Errorf("warn occurred during rows addition: %s", lastWarn)
	}
	if is != nil {
		kbPool.Put(kb)
		PutMetricName(mn)
		idb.putIndexSearch(is)
	}
	rows = rows[:rowsLen+j]

	var lastError error
	if err := s.tb.AddRows(rows); err != nil {
		lastError = fmt.Errorf("cannot add rows to table: %s", err)
	}
	if err := s.updateDateMetricIDCache(rows, lastError); err != nil {
		lastError = err
	}
	if lastError != nil {
		return rows, fmt.Errorf("error occurred during rows addition: %s", lastError)
	}
	return rows, nil
}

func (s *Storage) updateDateMetricIDCache(rows []rawRow, lastError error) error {
	var date uint64
	var hour uint64
	var prevTimestamp int64
	kb := kbPool.Get()
	defer kbPool.Put(kb)
	kb.B = bytesutil.Resize(kb.B, 16)
	keyBuf := kb.B
	a := (*[2]uint64)(unsafe.Pointer(&keyBuf[0]))
	idb := s.idb()
	hm := s.currHourMetricIDs.Load().(*hourMetricIDs)
	for i := range rows {
		r := &rows[i]
		if r.Timestamp != prevTimestamp {
			date = uint64(r.Timestamp) / msecPerDay
			hour = uint64(r.Timestamp) / msecPerHour
			prevTimestamp = r.Timestamp
		}
		metricID := r.TSID.MetricID
		if hour == hm.hour {
			// The r belongs to the current hour. Check for the current hour cache.
			if hm.m.Has(metricID) {
				// Fast path: the metricID is in the current hour cache.
				continue
			}
			s.pendingHourEntriesLock.Lock()
			e := pendingHourMetricIDEntry{
				AccountID: r.TSID.AccountID,
				ProjectID: r.TSID.ProjectID,
				MetricID:  metricID,
			}
			s.pendingHourEntries = append(s.pendingHourEntries, e)
			s.pendingHourEntriesLock.Unlock()
			hm.iidx.AddMetricID(idb, e)
		}

		// Slower path: check global cache for (date, metricID) entry.
		a[0] = date
		a[1] = metricID
		if s.dateMetricIDCache.Has(keyBuf) {
			continue
		}

		// Slow path: store the entry in the (date, metricID) cache and in the indexDB.
		// It is OK if the (date, metricID) entry is added multiple times to db
		// by concurrent goroutines.
		s.dateMetricIDCache.Set(keyBuf, nil)
		if err := idb.storeDateMetricID(date, metricID, r.TSID.AccountID, r.TSID.ProjectID); err != nil {
			lastError = err
			continue
		}
	}
	return lastError
}

func (s *Storage) updateCurrHourMetricIDs() {
	hm := s.currHourMetricIDs.Load().(*hourMetricIDs)
	s.pendingHourEntriesLock.Lock()
	newEntries := append([]pendingHourMetricIDEntry{}, s.pendingHourEntries...)
	s.pendingHourEntries = s.pendingHourEntries[:0]
	s.pendingHourEntriesLock.Unlock()
	hour := uint64(timestampFromTime(time.Now())) / msecPerHour
	if len(newEntries) == 0 && hm.hour == hour {
		// Fast path: nothing to update.
		return
	}

	// Slow path: hm.m must be updated with non-empty s.pendingHourEntries.
	var m *uint64set.Set
	var iidx *inmemoryInvertedIndex
	var byTenant map[accountProjectKey]*uint64set.Set
	isFull := hm.isFull
	if hm.hour == hour {
		m = hm.m.Clone()
		iidx = hm.iidx.Clone()
		byTenant = make(map[accountProjectKey]*uint64set.Set, len(hm.byTenant))
		for k, e := range hm.byTenant {
			byTenant[k] = e.Clone()
		}
	} else {
		m = &uint64set.Set{}
		iidx = newInmemoryInvertedIndex()
		byTenant = make(map[accountProjectKey]*uint64set.Set)
		isFull = true
	}

	for _, x := range newEntries {
		m.Add(x.MetricID)
		k := accountProjectKey{
			AccountID: x.AccountID,
			ProjectID: x.ProjectID,
		}
		e := byTenant[k]
		if e == nil {
			e = &uint64set.Set{}
			byTenant[k] = e
		}
		e.Add(x.MetricID)
	}

	hmNew := &hourMetricIDs{
		m:        m,
		iidx:     iidx,
		byTenant: byTenant,
		hour:     hour,
		isFull:   isFull,
	}
	s.currHourMetricIDs.Store(hmNew)
	if hm.hour != hour {
		s.prevHourMetricIDs.Store(hm)
	}
}

type hourMetricIDs struct {
	m        *uint64set.Set
	iidx     *inmemoryInvertedIndex
	byTenant map[accountProjectKey]*uint64set.Set
	hour     uint64
	isFull   bool
}

func (s *Storage) getTSIDFromCache(dst *TSID, metricName []byte) bool {
	buf := (*[unsafe.Sizeof(*dst)]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(dst))[:]
	buf = s.tsidCache.Get(buf[:0], metricName)
	return uintptr(len(buf)) == unsafe.Sizeof(*dst)
}

func (s *Storage) putTSIDToCache(tsid *TSID, metricName []byte) {
	buf := (*[unsafe.Sizeof(*tsid)]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(tsid))[:]
	s.tsidCache.Set(metricName, buf)
}

func openIndexDBTables(path string, metricIDCache, metricNameCache *workingsetcache.Cache, currHourMetricIDs, prevHourMetricIDs *atomic.Value) (curr, prev *indexDB, err error) {
	if err := fs.MkdirAllIfNotExist(path); err != nil {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot create directory %q: %s", path, err)
	}

	d, err := os.Open(path)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot open directory: %s", err)
	}
	defer fs.MustClose(d)

	// Search for the two most recent tables - the last one is active,
	// the previous one contains backup data.
	fis, err := d.Readdir(-1)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot read directory: %s", err)
	}
	var tableNames []string
	for _, fi := range fis {
		if !fs.IsDirOrSymlink(fi) {
			// Skip non-directories.
			continue
		}
		tableName := fi.Name()
		if !indexDBTableNameRegexp.MatchString(tableName) {
			// Skip invalid directories.
			continue
		}
		tableNames = append(tableNames, tableName)
	}
	sort.Slice(tableNames, func(i, j int) bool {
		return tableNames[i] < tableNames[j]
	})
	if len(tableNames) < 2 {
		// Create missing tables
		if len(tableNames) == 0 {
			prevName := nextIndexDBTableName()
			tableNames = append(tableNames, prevName)
		}
		currName := nextIndexDBTableName()
		tableNames = append(tableNames, currName)
	}

	// Invariant: len(tableNames) >= 2

	// Remove all the tables except two last tables.
	for _, tn := range tableNames[:len(tableNames)-2] {
		pathToRemove := path + "/" + tn
		logger.Infof("removing obsolete indexdb dir %q...", pathToRemove)
		fs.MustRemoveAll(pathToRemove)
		logger.Infof("removed obsolete indexdb dir %q", pathToRemove)
	}

	// Persist changes on the file system.
	fs.MustSyncPath(path)

	// Open the last two tables.
	currPath := path + "/" + tableNames[len(tableNames)-1]

	curr, err = openIndexDB(currPath, metricIDCache, metricNameCache, currHourMetricIDs, prevHourMetricIDs)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot open curr indexdb table at %q: %s", currPath, err)
	}
	prevPath := path + "/" + tableNames[len(tableNames)-2]
	prev, err = openIndexDB(prevPath, metricIDCache, metricNameCache, currHourMetricIDs, prevHourMetricIDs)
	if err != nil {
		curr.MustClose()
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot open prev indexdb table at %q: %s", prevPath, err)
	}

	return curr, prev, nil
}

var indexDBTableNameRegexp = regexp.MustCompile("^[0-9A-F]{16}$")

func nextIndexDBTableName() string {
	n := atomic.AddUint64(&indexDBTableIdx, 1)
	return fmt.Sprintf("%016X", n)
}

var indexDBTableIdx = uint64(time.Now().UnixNano())