Previously all the newly ingested time series were registered in global `MetricName -> TSID` index.
This index was used during data ingestion for locating the TSID (internal series id)
for the given canonical metric name (the canonical metric name consists of metric name plus all its labels sorted by label names).
The `MetricName -> TSID` index is stored on disk in order to make sure that the data
isn't lost on VictoriaMetrics restart or unclean shutdown.
The lookup in this index is relatively slow, since VictoriaMetrics needs to read the corresponding
data block from disk, unpack it, put the unpacked block into `indexdb/dataBlocks` cache,
and then search for the given `MetricName -> TSID` entry there. So VictoriaMetrics
uses in-memory cache for speeding up the lookup for active time series.
This cache is named `storage/tsid`. If this cache capacity is enough for all the currently ingested
active time series, then VictoriaMetrics works fast, since it doesn't need to read the data from disk.
VictoriaMetrics starts reading data from `MetricName -> TSID` on-disk index in the following cases:
- If `storage/tsid` cache capacity isn't enough for active time series.
Then just increase available memory for VictoriaMetrics or reduce the number of active time series
ingested into VictoriaMetrics.
- If new time series is ingested into VictoriaMetrics. In this case it cannot find
the needed entry in the `storage/tsid` cache, so it needs to consult on-disk `MetricName -> TSID` index,
since it doesn't know that the index has no the corresponding entry too.
This is a typical event under high churn rate, when old time series are constantly substituted
with new time series.
Reading the data from `MetricName -> TSID` index is slow, so inserts, which lead to reading this index,
are counted as slow inserts, and they can be monitored via `vm_slow_row_inserts_total` metric exposed by VictoriaMetrics.
Prior to this commit the `MetricName -> TSID` index was global, e.g. it contained entries sorted by `MetricName`
for all the time series ever ingested into VictoriaMetrics during the configured -retentionPeriod.
This index can become very large under high churn rate and long retention. VictoriaMetrics
caches data from this index in `indexdb/dataBlocks` in-memory cache for speeding up index lookups.
The `indexdb/dataBlocks` cache may occupy significant share of available memory for storing
recently accessed blocks at `MetricName -> TSID` index when searching for newly ingested time series.
This commit switches from global `MetricName -> TSID` index to per-day index. This allows significantly
reducing the amounts of data, which needs to be cached in `indexdb/dataBlocks`, since now VictoriaMetrics
consults only the index for the current day when new time series is ingested into it.
The downside of this change is increased indexdb size on disk for workloads without high churn rate,
e.g. with static time series, which do no change over time, since now VictoriaMetrics needs to store
identical `MetricName -> TSID` entries for static time series for every day.
This change removes an optimization for reducing CPU and disk IO spikes at indexdb rotation,
since it didn't work correctly - see https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/1401 .
At the same time the change fixes the issue, which could result in lost access to time series,
which stop receving new samples during the first hour after indexdb rotation - see https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/2698
The issue with the increased CPU and disk IO usage during indexdb rotation will be addressed
in a separate commit according to https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/1401#issuecomment-1553488685
This is a follow-up for 1f28b46ae9
The number of parts in the snapshot partition may be zero if concurrent goroutine just
started creating new partition, but didn't put data into it yet when the current
goroutine made a snapshot.
* lib/storage: creates parts.json on start-up if it not exists.
It fixes migrations from versions below v1.90.0.
Previously parts.json was created only after successful merge.
But if merge was interruped for some reason (OOM or shutdown), parts.json wasn't created and partitions left after interruped merge weren't properly deleted.
Since VM cannot check if it must be removed or not.
https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/4336
* Apply suggestions from code review
Co-authored-by: Roman Khavronenko <roman@victoriametrics.com>
* Update lib/storage/partition.go
Co-authored-by: Roman Khavronenko <roman@victoriametrics.com>
---------
Co-authored-by: Roman Khavronenko <roman@victoriametrics.com>
This reverts the following commits:
- e0e16a2d36
- 2ce02a7fe6
The reason for revert: the updated logic breaks assumptions made
when fixing https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/2698 .
For example, if a time series stop receiving new samples during the first
day after the indexdb rotation, there are chances that the time series
won't be registered in the new indexdb. This is OK until the next indexdb
rotation, since the time series is registered in the previous indexdb,
so it can be found during queries. But the time series will become invisible
for search after the next indexdb rotation, while its data is still there.
There is also incompletely solved issue with the increased CPU and disk IO resource
usage just after the indexdb rotation. There was an attempt to fix it, but it didn't fix
it in full, while introducing the issue mentioned above. See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/1401
TODO: to find out the solution, which simultaneously solves the following issues:
- increased memory usage for setups high churn rate and long retention (e.g. what the reverted commit does)
- increased CPU and disk IO usage during indexdb rotation ( https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/1401 )
- https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/2698
Possible solution - to create the new indexdb in one hour before the indexdb rotation
and to gradually pre-populate it with the needed index data during the last hour before indexdb rotation.
Then the new indexdb will contain all the needed data just after the rotation,
so it won't trigger increased CPU and disk IO.
- Document the change at docs/CHANGELOG.md
- Clarify comments for non-trivial code touched by the commit
- Improve the logic behind maybeCreateIndexes():
- Correctly create per-day indexes if the indexdb rotation is performed during
the first hour or the last hour of the day by UTC.
Previously there was a possibility of missing index entries on that day.
- Increase the duration for creating new indexes in the current indexdb for up to 22 hours
after indexdb rotation. This should reduce the increased resource usage
after indexdb rotation.
It is safe to postpone index creation for the current day until the last hour
of the current day after indexdb rotation by UTC, since the corresponding (date, ...)
entries exist in the previous indexdb.
- Search for TSID by (date, MetricName) in both the current and the previous indexdb.
Previously the search was performed only in the current indexdb. This could lead
to excess creation of per-day indexes for the current day just after indexdb rotation.
- Search for (date, metricID) entries in both the current and the previous indexdb.
Previously the search was performed only in the current indexdb. This could lead
to excess creation of per-day indexes for the current day just after indexdb rotation.
The new index substitutes global MetricName=>TSID index
used for locating TSIDs on ingestion path.
For installations with high ingestion and churn rate, global
MetricName=>TSID index can grow enormously making
index lookups too expensive. This also results into bigger
than expected cache growth for indexdb blocks.
New per-day index supposed to be much smaller and more efficient.
This should improve ingestion speed and reliability during
re-routings in cluster.
The negative outcome could be occupied disk size, since
per-day index is more expensive comparing to global index.
Signed-off-by: hagen1778 <roman@victoriametrics.com>
* lib/storage: follow-up after a50d63c376
- ensure retentionMsecs is rounded to day
- remove localTimeOffset in test as localOffset is ignored when using `UnixMilli`
Signed-off-by: Zakhar Bessarab <z.bessarab@victoriametrics.com>
* lib/storage: restore retention timezone offset effect on retention deadline
Signed-off-by: Zakhar Bessarab <z.bessarab@victoriametrics.com>
---------
Signed-off-by: Zakhar Bessarab <z.bessarab@victoriametrics.com>
previously during sync for mutable and immutable cache parts, link for hotEntry with current date may be not properly updated
it corrupts cache for backfilling metrics and increased cpu load
When using `retentionTimezoneOffset` and having local timezone being more than 4 hours different from UTC indexdb retention calculation could return negative value. This caused indexdb rotation to get in loop.
Fix calculation of offset to use `retentionTimezoneOffset` value properly and add test to cover all legit timezone configs.
See:
- https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/4207
- https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/pull/4206
Signed-off-by: Zakhar Bessarab <z.bessarab@victoriametrics.com>
Co-authored-by: Nikolay <nik@victoriametrics.com>
Callers of OpenStorage() log the returned error and exit.
The error logging and exit can be performed inside MustOpenStorage()
alongside with printing the stack trace for better debuggability.
This simplifies the code at caller side.
Use fs.MustReadDir() instead of os.ReadDir() across the code in order to reduce the code verbosity.
The fs.MustReadDir() logs the error with the directory name and the call stack on error
before exit. This information should be enough for debugging the cause of the error.
Callers of CreateFlockFile log the returned err and exit.
It is better to log the error inside the MustCreateFlockFile together with the path
to the specified directory and the call stack. This simplifies
the code at the callers' side while leaving the debuggability at the same level.
Callers of InitFromFilePart log the error and exit.
It is better to log the error with the path to the part and the call stack
directly inside the MustInitFromFilePart() function.
This simplifies the code at callers' side while leaving the same level of debuggability.
Callers of this function log the returned error and exit.
It is better logging the error together with the path to the filename
and call stack directly inside the function. This simplifies
the code at callers' side without reducing the level of debuggability
Callers of this function log the returned error and exit.
Let's log the error with the path to the filename and call stack
inside the function. This simplifies the code at callers' side
without reducing the level of debuggability.
Callers of ReadFullData() log the error and then exit.
So let's log the error with the path to the filename and the call stack
inside MustReadData(). This simplifies the code at callers' side,
while leaving the debuggability at the same level.
Callers of these functions log the returned error and then exit.
Let's log the error with the call stack inside the function itself.
This simplifies the code at callers' side, while leaving the same
level of debuggability in case of errors.
Callers of this function log the returned error and then exit.
Let's log the error with the call stack inside the function itself.
This simplifies the code at callers' side, while leaving the same
level of debuggability in case of errors.
Callers of this function log the returned error and then exit.
Let's log the error with the call stack inside the function itself.
This simplifies the code at callers' side, while leaving the same
level of debuggability in case of errors.
Callers of this function log the returned error and exit.
So let's just log the error with the given filepath and the call stack
inside the function itself and then exit. This simplifies the code
at callers' place while leaves the same level of debuggability in case of errors.
Callers of these functions log the returned error and then exit. The returned error already contains the path
to directory, which was failed to be created. So let's just log the error together with the call stack
inside these functions. This leaves the debuggability of the returned error at the same level
while allows simplifying the code at callers' side.
While at it, properly use MustMkdirFailIfExist instead of MustMkdirIfNotExist inside inmemoryPart.MustStoreToDisk().
It is expected that the inmemoryPart.MustStoreToDick() must fail if there is already a directory under the given path.
When WriteFileAndSync fails, then the caller eventually logs the error message
and exits. The error message returned by WriteFileAndSync already contains the path
to the file, which couldn't be created. This information alongside the call stack
is enough for debugging the issue. So just use log.Panicf("FATAL: ...") inside MustWriteAndSync().
This simplifies error handling at caller side a bit.
This is a follow-up after 42bba64aa7
Previously the part directory listing was fsync'ed implicitly inside partHeader.WriteMetadata()
by calling fs.WriteFileAtomically(). Now it must be fsync'ed explicitly.
There is no need in fsync'ing the parent directory, since it is fsync'ed by the caller
when updating parts.json file.
Previously the created part directory listing was fsynced implicitly
when storing metadata.json file in it.
Also remove superflouous fsync for part directory listing,
which was called at blockStreamWriter.MustClose().
After that the metadata.json file is created, so an additional fsync
for the directory contents is needed.
Improperly configured -bigMergeConcurrency command-line flag usually leads to uncontrolled
growth of unmerged parts, which, in turn, increases CPU usage and query durations.
So it is better deprecating this flag. In rare cases -smallMergeConcurrency command-line flag
can be used instead for controlling the concurrency of background merges.
* lib/storage: check for free disk space before opening tables
We check for free disk space before call to `openTable`,
so `Storage` can be set to ReadOnly before mergeWorkers start.
Before the change, there was a chance that merges will start
even if Storage has to start in ReadOnly mode because of
`-storage.minFreeDiskSpaceBytes` limit.
https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/4023
Signed-off-by: hagen1778 <roman@victoriametrics.com>
* lib/storage: chore
Signed-off-by: hagen1778 <roman@victoriametrics.com>
* Update lib/storage/storage.go
---------
Signed-off-by: hagen1778 <roman@victoriametrics.com>
Co-authored-by: Aliaksandr Valialkin <valyala@victoriametrics.com>
- Use windows.FlushFileBuffers() instead of windows.Fsync() at streamTracker.adviseDontNeed()
for consistency with implementations for other architectures.
- Use filepath.Base() instead of filepath.Split(), since the dir part isn't used.
This simplifies the code a bit.
Updates https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/70
This is a follow-up for 43b24164ef
* lib/fs: adds memory map for windows
it should improve performance for file reading
* lib/storage: replace '/' with os specific separator
it must fix an errors for windows
* lib/fs: mention windows fsync support
* lib/filestream: adds fdatasync for windows writes
Updates https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/70
This commit changes background merge algorithm, so it becomes compatible with Windows file semantics.
The previous algorithm for background merge:
1. Merge source parts into a destination part inside tmp directory.
2. Create a file in txn directory with instructions on how to atomically
swap source parts with the destination part.
3. Perform instructions from the file.
4. Delete the file with instructions.
This algorithm guarantees that either source parts or destination part
is visible in the partition after unclean shutdown at any step above,
since the remaining files with instructions is replayed on the next restart,
after that the remaining contents of the tmp directory is deleted.
Unfortunately this algorithm doesn't work under Windows because
it disallows removing and moving files, which are in use.
So the new algorithm for background merge has been implemented:
1. Merge source parts into a destination part inside the partition directory itself.
E.g. now the partition directory may contain both complete and incomplete parts.
2. Atomically update the parts.json file with the new list of parts after the merge,
e.g. remove the source parts from the list and add the destination part to the list
before storing it to parts.json file.
3. Remove the source parts from disk when they are no longer used.
This algorithm guarantees that either source parts or destination part
is visible in the partition after unclean shutdown at any step above,
since incomplete partitions from step 1 or old source parts from step 3 are removed
on the next startup by inspecting parts.json file.
This algorithm should work under Windows, since it doesn't remove or move files in use.
This algorithm has also the following benefits:
- It should work better for NFS.
- It fits object storage semantics.
The new algorithm changes data storage format, so it is impossible to downgrade
to the previous versions of VictoriaMetrics after upgrading to this algorithm.
Updates https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/3236
Updates https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/3821
Updates https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/70
lib{mergset,storage}: prevent possible race condition with logging stats for merges
Previously partwrapper could be release by background process and reference for part may be invalid
during logging stats. It will lead to panic at vmstorage
https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/3897
- Use flag.Duration instead of flagutil.Duration for -snapshotCreateTimeout,
since the flagutil.Duration is intended mostly for big durations, e.g. days, months and years,
while the -snapshotCreateTimeout is usually smaller than one hour.
- Add links to https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#how-to-work-with-snapshots in docs/CHANGELOG.md,
so readers could easily find the corresponding docs when reading the changelog.
- Properly remove all the created directories on unsuccessful attempt to create
snapshot in Storage.CreateSnapshot().
Updates https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/3551
* lib/{fs,mergeset,storage}: skip `.must-remove.` dirs when creating snapshot (#3858)
* lib/{mergeset,storage}: add timeout configuration for snapshots creation, remove incomplete snapshots from storage
* docs: fix formatting
* app/vmstorage: add metrics to track status of snapshots
* app/vmstorage: use `vm_http_requests_total` metric for snapshot endpoints metrics, rename new flag to make name more clear
Signed-off-by: Zakhar Bessarab <z.bessarab@victoriametrics.com>
* app/vmstorage: update flag name in docs
Signed-off-by: Zakhar Bessarab <z.bessarab@victoriametrics.com>
* app/vmstorage: reflect new metrics names change in docs
Signed-off-by: Zakhar Bessarab <z.bessarab@victoriametrics.com>
---------
Signed-off-by: Zakhar Bessarab <z.bessarab@victoriametrics.com>
Co-authored-by: Aliaksandr Valialkin <valyala@victoriametrics.com>
previously historical data backfilling may trigger force merge for previous month every hour
it consumes cpu, disk io and decrease cluster performance.
Following commit fixes it by applying deduplication for InMemoryParts
Assisted merges are intended to be performed by goroutines, which accept the incoming samples,
in order to limit the data ingestion rate.
The worker, which converts pending samples to parts, shouldn't be penalized by assisted merges,
since this may result in increased number of pending rows as seen at https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/3647#issuecomment-1385039142
when the assisted merge takes too much time.
Previously the -maxConcurrentInserts was limiting the number of established client connections,
which write data to VictoriaMetrics. Some of these connections could be idle.
Such connections do not consume big amounts of CPU and RAM, so there is a little sense in limiting
the number of such connections. So now the -maxConcurrentInserts command-line option
limits the number of concurrently executed insert requests, not including idle connections.
It is recommended removing -maxConcurrentInserts command-line option, since the default value
for this option should work good for most cases.
The issue triggers after the indexdb rotation for time series, which stop receiving new samples.
This results in missing data for such time series in query responses.
This commit should address the https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/3502
The issue has been introduced in 2dd93449d8
This fixes handling of values bigger than 2GiB for the following command-line flags:
- -storage.minFreeDiskSpaceBytes
- -remoteWrite.maxDiskUsagePerURL
Blocked small merges may result into big number of small parts, which, in turn,
may result in increased CPU and memory usage during queries, since queries need to inspect
all the existing small parts.
The issue has been introduced in 8189770c50
Updates https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/3337
The main purpose of this command-line flag is to increase the lifetime of low-end flash storage
with the limited number of write operations it can perform. Such flash storage is usually
installed on Raspberry PI or similar appliances.
For example, `-inmemoryDataFlushInterval=1h` reduces the frequency of disk write operations
to up to once per hour if the ingested one-hour worth of data fits the limit for in-memory data.
The in-memory data is searchable in the same way as the data stored on disk.
VictoriaMetrics automatically flushes the in-memory data to disk on graceful shutdown via SIGINT signal.
The in-memory data is lost on unclean shutdown (hardware power loss, OOM crash, SIGKILL).
Updates https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/3337
Blocks outside the configured retention are eventually deleted during background merge.
But such blocks may reside in the storage for long time until background merge.
Previously VictoriaMetrics could spend additional CPU time on processing such blocks
during search queries. Now these blocks are skipped.
The searchTSIDs function was searching for metricIDs matching the the given tag filters
and then was locating the corresponding TSID entries for the found metricIDs.
The TSID entries aren't needed when searching for time series names (aka MetricName),
so this commit removes the uneeded TSID search from the implementation of /api/v1/series API.
This improves perfromance of /api/v1/series calls.
This commit also improves performance a bit for /api/v1/query and /api/v1/query_range calls,
since now these calls cache small metricIDs instead of big TSID entries
in the indexdb/tagFilters cache (now this cache is named indexdb/tagFiltersToMetricIDs)
without the need to compress the saved entries in order to save cache space.
This commit also removes concurrency limiter during searching for matching time series,
which was introduced in 8f16388428, since the concurrency
for all the read queries is already limited with -search.maxConcurrentRequests command-line flag.
Updates https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/648
The panic has been introduced in 68f3a02589
While at it, add padding to shard structs in order to avoid false sharing on mordern CPUs
This should improve scalability on systems with many CPU cores
This is OK, since the anchors are implicitly applied to the whole regexp.
This optimization should improve the speed for regexp series filters with explicit $ and ^ anchors.
For example, `{label="^(foo|bar)$"}`
These metrics allow alerting when the number of unique series approach the limit.
For example, the following query alerts when the number of series reaches 90% of the configured limit:
vm_hourly_series_limit_current_series / vm_hourly_series_limit_max_series > 0.9
ioutil.ReadAll is deprecated since Go1.16 - see https://tip.golang.org/doc/go1.16#ioutil
VictoriaMetrics requires at least Go1.18, so it is OK to switch from ioutil.ReadAll to io.ReadAll.
This is a follow-up for 02ca2342ab
The ioutil.{Read|Write}File is deprecated since Go1.16 -
see https://tip.golang.org/doc/go1.16#ioutil
VictoriaMetrics needs at least Go1.18, so it is safe to remove ioutil usage
from source code.
This is a follow-up for 02ca2342ab
* lib/storage: bump max merge concurrency for small parts to 15
The change is based on the feedback from users on github.
Thier examples show, that limit of 8 sometimes become a
bottleneck. Users report that without limit concurrency
can climb up to 15-20 merges at once.
Signed-off-by: hagen1778 <roman@victoriametrics.com>
* Update lib/storage/partition.go
Signed-off-by: hagen1778 <roman@victoriametrics.com>
Co-authored-by: Aliaksandr Valialkin <valyala@victoriametrics.com>
* lib/storage: prevent excessive loops when storage is in RO
Returning nil error when storage is in RO mode results
into excessive loops and function calls which could
result into CPU exhaustion. Returning an err instead
will trigger delays in the for loop and save some resources.
Signed-off-by: hagen1778 <roman@victoriametrics.com>
* document the change
Co-authored-by: Aliaksandr Valialkin <valyala@victoriametrics.com>
