package promql import ( "crypto/rand" "flag" "fmt" "io/ioutil" "sync" "sync/atomic" "time" "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/bytesutil" "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/encoding" "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/fasttime" "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/fs" "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logger" "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/memory" "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/querytracer" "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage" "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/workingsetcache" "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache" "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics" "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metricsql" ) var ( cacheTimestampOffset = flag.Duration("search.cacheTimestampOffset", 5*time.Minute, "The maximum duration since the current time for response data, "+ "which is always queried from the original raw data, without using the response cache. Increase this value if you see gaps in responses "+ "due to time synchronization issues between VictoriaMetrics and data sources. See also -search.disableAutoCacheReset") disableAutoCacheReset = flag.Bool("search.disableAutoCacheReset", false, "Whether to disable automatic response cache reset if a sample with timestamp "+ "outside -search.cacheTimestampOffset is inserted into VictoriaMetrics") ) // ResetRollupResultCacheIfNeeded resets rollup result cache if mrs contains timestamps outside `now - search.cacheTimestampOffset`. func ResetRollupResultCacheIfNeeded(mrs []storage.MetricRow) { if *disableAutoCacheReset { // Do not reset response cache if -search.disableAutoCacheReset is set. // See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/1570 . return } checkRollupResultCacheResetOnce.Do(func() { rollupResultResetMetricRowSample.Store(&storage.MetricRow{}) go checkRollupResultCacheReset() }) minTimestamp := int64(fasttime.UnixTimestamp()*1000) - cacheTimestampOffset.Milliseconds() + checkRollupResultCacheResetInterval.Milliseconds() needCacheReset := false for i := range mrs { if mrs[i].Timestamp < minTimestamp { var mr storage.MetricRow mr.CopyFrom(&mrs[i]) rollupResultResetMetricRowSample.Store(&mr) needCacheReset = true break } } if needCacheReset { // Do not call ResetRollupResultCache() here, since it may be heavy when frequently called. atomic.StoreUint32(&needRollupResultCacheReset, 1) } } func checkRollupResultCacheReset() { for { time.Sleep(checkRollupResultCacheResetInterval) if atomic.SwapUint32(&needRollupResultCacheReset, 0) > 0 { mr := rollupResultResetMetricRowSample.Load().(*storage.MetricRow) d := int64(fasttime.UnixTimestamp()*1000) - mr.Timestamp - cacheTimestampOffset.Milliseconds() logger.Warnf("resetting rollup result cache because the metric %s has a timestamp older than -search.cacheTimestampOffset=%s by %.3fs", mr.String(), cacheTimestampOffset, float64(d)/1e3) ResetRollupResultCache() } } } const checkRollupResultCacheResetInterval = 5 * time.Second var needRollupResultCacheReset uint32 var checkRollupResultCacheResetOnce sync.Once var rollupResultResetMetricRowSample atomic.Value var rollupResultCacheV = &rollupResultCache{ c: workingsetcache.New(1024 * 1024), // This is a cache for testing. } var rollupResultCachePath string func getRollupResultCacheSize() int { rollupResultCacheSizeOnce.Do(func() { n := memory.Allowed() / 16 if n <= 0 { n = 1024 * 1024 } rollupResultCacheSize = n }) return rollupResultCacheSize } var ( rollupResultCacheSize int rollupResultCacheSizeOnce sync.Once ) // InitRollupResultCache initializes the rollupResult cache // // if cachePath is empty, then the cache isn't stored to persistent disk. // // ResetRollupResultCache must be called when the cache must be reset. // StopRollupResultCache must be called when the cache isn't needed anymore. func InitRollupResultCache(cachePath string) { rollupResultCachePath = cachePath startTime := time.Now() cacheSize := getRollupResultCacheSize() var c *workingsetcache.Cache if len(rollupResultCachePath) > 0 { logger.Infof("loading rollupResult cache from %q...", rollupResultCachePath) c = workingsetcache.Load(rollupResultCachePath, cacheSize) mustLoadRollupResultCacheKeyPrefix(rollupResultCachePath) } else { c = workingsetcache.New(cacheSize) rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix = newRollupResultCacheKeyPrefix() } if *disableCache { c.Reset() } stats := &fastcache.Stats{} var statsLock sync.Mutex var statsLastUpdate uint64 fcs := func() *fastcache.Stats { statsLock.Lock() defer statsLock.Unlock() if fasttime.UnixTimestamp()-statsLastUpdate < 2 { return stats } var fcs fastcache.Stats c.UpdateStats(&fcs) stats = &fcs statsLastUpdate = fasttime.UnixTimestamp() return stats } if len(rollupResultCachePath) > 0 { logger.Infof("loaded rollupResult cache from %q in %.3f seconds; entriesCount: %d, sizeBytes: %d", rollupResultCachePath, time.Since(startTime).Seconds(), fcs().EntriesCount, fcs().BytesSize) } // Use metrics.GetOrCreateGauge instead of metrics.NewGauge, // so InitRollupResultCache+StopRollupResultCache could be called multiple times in tests. // See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/2406 metrics.GetOrCreateGauge(`vm_cache_entries{type="promql/rollupResult"}`, func() float64 { return float64(fcs().EntriesCount) }) metrics.GetOrCreateGauge(`vm_cache_size_bytes{type="promql/rollupResult"}`, func() float64 { return float64(fcs().BytesSize) }) metrics.GetOrCreateGauge(`vm_cache_requests_total{type="promql/rollupResult"}`, func() float64 { return float64(fcs().GetCalls) }) metrics.GetOrCreateGauge(`vm_cache_misses_total{type="promql/rollupResult"}`, func() float64 { return float64(fcs().Misses) }) rollupResultCacheV = &rollupResultCache{ c: c, } } // StopRollupResultCache closes the rollupResult cache. func StopRollupResultCache() { if len(rollupResultCachePath) == 0 { rollupResultCacheV.c.Stop() rollupResultCacheV.c = nil return } logger.Infof("saving rollupResult cache to %q...", rollupResultCachePath) startTime := time.Now() if err := rollupResultCacheV.c.Save(rollupResultCachePath); err != nil { logger.Errorf("cannot save rollupResult cache at %q: %s", rollupResultCachePath, err) return } mustSaveRollupResultCacheKeyPrefix(rollupResultCachePath) var fcs fastcache.Stats rollupResultCacheV.c.UpdateStats(&fcs) rollupResultCacheV.c.Stop() rollupResultCacheV.c = nil logger.Infof("saved rollupResult cache to %q in %.3f seconds; entriesCount: %d, sizeBytes: %d", rollupResultCachePath, time.Since(startTime).Seconds(), fcs.EntriesCount, fcs.BytesSize) } type rollupResultCache struct { c *workingsetcache.Cache } var rollupResultCacheResets = metrics.NewCounter(`vm_cache_resets_total{type="promql/rollupResult"}`) // ResetRollupResultCache resets rollup result cache. func ResetRollupResultCache() { rollupResultCacheResets.Inc() atomic.AddUint64(&rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix, 1) logger.Infof("rollupResult cache has been cleared") } func (rrc *rollupResultCache) Get(qt *querytracer.Tracer, ec *EvalConfig, expr metricsql.Expr, window int64) (tss []*timeseries, newStart int64) { if qt.Enabled() { query := expr.AppendString(nil) qt = qt.NewChild("rollup cache get: query=%s, timeRange=%s, step=%d, window=%d", query, ec.timeRangeString(), ec.Step, window) defer qt.Done() } if !ec.mayCache() { qt.Printf("do not fetch series from cache, since it is disabled in the current context") return nil, ec.Start } // Obtain tss from the cache. bb := bbPool.Get() defer bbPool.Put(bb) bb.B = marshalRollupResultCacheKey(bb.B[:0], expr, window, ec.Step, ec.EnforcedTagFilterss) metainfoBuf := rrc.c.Get(nil, bb.B) if len(metainfoBuf) == 0 { qt.Printf("nothing found") return nil, ec.Start } var mi rollupResultCacheMetainfo if err := mi.Unmarshal(metainfoBuf); err != nil { logger.Panicf("BUG: cannot unmarshal rollupResultCacheMetainfo: %s; it looks like it was improperly saved", err) } key := mi.GetBestKey(ec.Start, ec.End) if key.prefix == 0 && key.suffix == 0 { qt.Printf("nothing found on the timeRange") return nil, ec.Start } bb.B = key.Marshal(bb.B[:0]) compressedResultBuf := resultBufPool.Get() defer resultBufPool.Put(compressedResultBuf) compressedResultBuf.B = rrc.c.GetBig(compressedResultBuf.B[:0], bb.B) if len(compressedResultBuf.B) == 0 { mi.RemoveKey(key) metainfoBuf = mi.Marshal(metainfoBuf[:0]) bb.B = marshalRollupResultCacheKey(bb.B[:0], expr, window, ec.Step, ec.EnforcedTagFilterss) rrc.c.Set(bb.B, metainfoBuf) qt.Printf("missing cache entry") return nil, ec.Start } // Decompress into newly allocated byte slice, since tss returned from unmarshalTimeseriesFast // refers to the byte slice, so it cannot be returned to the resultBufPool. qt.Printf("load compressed entry from cache with size %d bytes", len(compressedResultBuf.B)) resultBuf, err := encoding.DecompressZSTD(nil, compressedResultBuf.B) if err != nil { logger.Panicf("BUG: cannot decompress resultBuf from rollupResultCache: %s; it looks like it was improperly saved", err) } qt.Printf("unpack the entry into %d bytes", len(resultBuf)) tss, err = unmarshalTimeseriesFast(resultBuf) if err != nil { logger.Panicf("BUG: cannot unmarshal timeseries from rollupResultCache: %s; it looks like it was improperly saved", err) } qt.Printf("unmarshal %d series", len(tss)) // Extract values for the matching timestamps timestamps := tss[0].Timestamps i := 0 for i < len(timestamps) && timestamps[i] < ec.Start { i++ } if i == len(timestamps) { // no matches. qt.Printf("no datapoints found in the cached series on the given timeRange") return nil, ec.Start } if timestamps[i] != ec.Start { // The cached range doesn't cover the requested range. qt.Printf("cached series don't cover the given timeRange") return nil, ec.Start } j := len(timestamps) - 1 for j >= 0 && timestamps[j] > ec.End { j-- } j++ if j <= i { // no matches. return nil, ec.Start } for _, ts := range tss { ts.Timestamps = ts.Timestamps[i:j] ts.Values = ts.Values[i:j] } timestamps = tss[0].Timestamps newStart = timestamps[len(timestamps)-1] + ec.Step if qt.Enabled() { startString := storage.TimestampToHumanReadableFormat(ec.Start) endString := storage.TimestampToHumanReadableFormat(newStart - ec.Step) qt.Printf("return %d series on a timeRange=[%s..%s]", len(tss), startString, endString) } return tss, newStart } var resultBufPool bytesutil.ByteBufferPool func (rrc *rollupResultCache) Put(qt *querytracer.Tracer, ec *EvalConfig, expr metricsql.Expr, window int64, tss []*timeseries) { if qt.Enabled() { query := expr.AppendString(nil) qt = qt.NewChild("rollup cache put: query=%s, timeRange=%s, step=%d, window=%d, series=%d", query, ec.timeRangeString(), ec.Step, window, len(tss)) defer qt.Done() } if len(tss) == 0 || !ec.mayCache() { qt.Printf("do not store series to cache, since it is disabled in the current context") return } // Remove values up to currentTime - step - cacheTimestampOffset, // since these values may be added later. timestamps := tss[0].Timestamps deadline := (time.Now().UnixNano() / 1e6) - ec.Step - cacheTimestampOffset.Milliseconds() i := len(timestamps) - 1 for i >= 0 && timestamps[i] > deadline { i-- } i++ if i == 0 { // Nothing to store in the cache. qt.Printf("nothing to store in the cache, since all the points have timestamps bigger than %d", deadline) return } if i < len(timestamps) { timestamps = timestamps[:i] // Make a copy of tss and remove unfit values rvs := copyTimeseriesShallow(tss) for _, ts := range rvs { ts.Timestamps = ts.Timestamps[:i] ts.Values = ts.Values[:i] } tss = rvs } // Store tss in the cache. metainfoKey := bbPool.Get() defer bbPool.Put(metainfoKey) metainfoBuf := bbPool.Get() defer bbPool.Put(metainfoBuf) metainfoKey.B = marshalRollupResultCacheKey(metainfoKey.B[:0], expr, window, ec.Step, ec.EnforcedTagFilterss) metainfoBuf.B = rrc.c.Get(metainfoBuf.B[:0], metainfoKey.B) var mi rollupResultCacheMetainfo if len(metainfoBuf.B) > 0 { if err := mi.Unmarshal(metainfoBuf.B); err != nil { logger.Panicf("BUG: cannot unmarshal rollupResultCacheMetainfo: %s; it looks like it was improperly saved", err) } } start := timestamps[0] end := timestamps[len(timestamps)-1] if mi.CoversTimeRange(start, end) { if qt.Enabled() { startString := storage.TimestampToHumanReadableFormat(start) endString := storage.TimestampToHumanReadableFormat(end) qt.Printf("series on the given timeRange=[%s..%s] already exist in the cache", startString, endString) } return } maxMarshaledSize := getRollupResultCacheSize() / 4 resultBuf := resultBufPool.Get() defer resultBufPool.Put(resultBuf) resultBuf.B = marshalTimeseriesFast(resultBuf.B[:0], tss, maxMarshaledSize, ec.Step) if len(resultBuf.B) == 0 { tooBigRollupResults.Inc() qt.Printf("cannot store series in the cache, since they would occupy more than %d bytes", maxMarshaledSize) return } if qt.Enabled() { startString := storage.TimestampToHumanReadableFormat(start) endString := storage.TimestampToHumanReadableFormat(end) qt.Printf("marshal %d series on a timeRange=[%s..%s] into %d bytes", len(tss), startString, endString, len(resultBuf.B)) } compressedResultBuf := resultBufPool.Get() defer resultBufPool.Put(compressedResultBuf) compressedResultBuf.B = encoding.CompressZSTDLevel(compressedResultBuf.B[:0], resultBuf.B, 1) qt.Printf("compress %d bytes into %d bytes", len(resultBuf.B), len(compressedResultBuf.B)) var key rollupResultCacheKey key.prefix = rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix key.suffix = atomic.AddUint64(&rollupResultCacheKeySuffix, 1) rollupResultKey := key.Marshal(nil) rrc.c.SetBig(rollupResultKey, compressedResultBuf.B) qt.Printf("store %d bytes in the cache", len(compressedResultBuf.B)) mi.AddKey(key, timestamps[0], timestamps[len(timestamps)-1]) metainfoBuf.B = mi.Marshal(metainfoBuf.B[:0]) rrc.c.Set(metainfoKey.B, metainfoBuf.B) } var ( rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix uint64 rollupResultCacheKeySuffix = uint64(time.Now().UnixNano()) ) func newRollupResultCacheKeyPrefix() uint64 { var buf [8]byte if _, err := rand.Read(buf[:]); err != nil { // do not use logger.Panicf, since it isn't initialized yet. panic(fmt.Errorf("FATAL: cannot read random data for rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix: %w", err)) } return encoding.UnmarshalUint64(buf[:]) } func mustLoadRollupResultCacheKeyPrefix(path string) { path = path + ".key.prefix" if !fs.IsPathExist(path) { rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix = newRollupResultCacheKeyPrefix() return } data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(path) if err != nil { logger.Errorf("cannot load %s: %s; reset rollupResult cache", path, err) rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix = newRollupResultCacheKeyPrefix() return } if len(data) != 8 { logger.Errorf("unexpected size of %s; want 8 bytes; got %d bytes; reset rollupResult cache", path, len(data)) rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix = newRollupResultCacheKeyPrefix() return } rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix = encoding.UnmarshalUint64(data) } func mustSaveRollupResultCacheKeyPrefix(path string) { path = path + ".key.prefix" data := encoding.MarshalUint64(nil, rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix) fs.MustRemoveAll(path) if err := fs.WriteFileAtomically(path, data); err != nil { logger.Fatalf("cannot store rollupResult cache key prefix to %q: %s", path, err) } } var tooBigRollupResults = metrics.NewCounter("vm_too_big_rollup_results_total") // Increment this value every time the format of the cache changes. const rollupResultCacheVersion = 8 func marshalRollupResultCacheKey(dst []byte, expr metricsql.Expr, window, step int64, etfs [][]storage.TagFilter) []byte { dst = append(dst, rollupResultCacheVersion) dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, rollupResultCacheKeyPrefix) dst = encoding.MarshalInt64(dst, window) dst = encoding.MarshalInt64(dst, step) dst = expr.AppendString(dst) for i, etf := range etfs { for _, f := range etf { dst = f.Marshal(dst) } if i+1 < len(etfs) { dst = append(dst, '|') } } return dst } // mergeTimeseries concatenates b with a and returns the result. // // Preconditions: // - a mustn't intersect with b. // - a timestamps must be smaller than b timestamps. // // Postconditions: // - a and b cannot be used after returning from the call. func mergeTimeseries(a, b []*timeseries, bStart int64, ec *EvalConfig) []*timeseries { sharedTimestamps := ec.getSharedTimestamps() if bStart == ec.Start { // Nothing to merge - b covers all the time range. // Verify b is correct. for _, tsB := range b { tsB.denyReuse = true tsB.Timestamps = sharedTimestamps if len(tsB.Values) != len(tsB.Timestamps) { logger.Panicf("BUG: unexpected number of values in b; got %d; want %d", len(tsB.Values), len(tsB.Timestamps)) } } return b } m := make(map[string]*timeseries, len(a)) bb := bbPool.Get() defer bbPool.Put(bb) for _, ts := range a { bb.B = marshalMetricNameSorted(bb.B[:0], &ts.MetricName) m[string(bb.B)] = ts } rvs := make([]*timeseries, 0, len(a)) for _, tsB := range b { var tmp timeseries tmp.denyReuse = true tmp.Timestamps = sharedTimestamps tmp.Values = make([]float64, 0, len(tmp.Timestamps)) // Do not use MetricName.CopyFrom for performance reasons. // It is safe to make shallow copy, since tsB must no longer used. tmp.MetricName = tsB.MetricName bb.B = marshalMetricNameSorted(bb.B[:0], &tsB.MetricName) tsA := m[string(bb.B)] if tsA == nil { tStart := ec.Start for tStart < bStart { tmp.Values = append(tmp.Values, nan) tStart += ec.Step } } else { tmp.Values = append(tmp.Values, tsA.Values...) delete(m, string(bb.B)) } tmp.Values = append(tmp.Values, tsB.Values...) if len(tmp.Values) != len(tmp.Timestamps) { logger.Panicf("BUG: unexpected values after merging new values; got %d; want %d", len(tmp.Values), len(tmp.Timestamps)) } rvs = append(rvs, &tmp) } // Copy the remaining timeseries from m. for _, tsA := range m { var tmp timeseries tmp.denyReuse = true tmp.Timestamps = sharedTimestamps // Do not use MetricName.CopyFrom for performance reasons. // It is safe to make shallow copy, since tsA must no longer used. tmp.MetricName = tsA.MetricName tmp.Values = append(tmp.Values, tsA.Values...) tStart := bStart for tStart <= ec.End { tmp.Values = append(tmp.Values, nan) tStart += ec.Step } if len(tmp.Values) != len(tmp.Timestamps) { logger.Panicf("BUG: unexpected values in the result after adding cached values; got %d; want %d", len(tmp.Values), len(tmp.Timestamps)) } rvs = append(rvs, &tmp) } return rvs } type rollupResultCacheMetainfo struct { entries []rollupResultCacheMetainfoEntry } func (mi *rollupResultCacheMetainfo) Marshal(dst []byte) []byte { dst = encoding.MarshalUint32(dst, uint32(len(mi.entries))) for i := range mi.entries { dst = mi.entries[i].Marshal(dst) } return dst } func (mi *rollupResultCacheMetainfo) Unmarshal(src []byte) error { if len(src) < 4 { return fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal len(etries) from %d bytes; need at least %d bytes", len(src), 4) } entriesLen := int(encoding.UnmarshalUint32(src)) src = src[4:] if n := entriesLen - cap(mi.entries); n > 0 { mi.entries = append(mi.entries[:cap(mi.entries)], make([]rollupResultCacheMetainfoEntry, n)...) } mi.entries = mi.entries[:entriesLen] for i := 0; i < entriesLen; i++ { tail, err := mi.entries[i].Unmarshal(src) if err != nil { return fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal entry #%d: %w", i, err) } src = tail } if len(src) > 0 { return fmt.Errorf("unexpected non-empty tail left; len(tail)=%d", len(src)) } return nil } func (mi *rollupResultCacheMetainfo) CoversTimeRange(start, end int64) bool { if start > end { logger.Panicf("BUG: start cannot exceed end; got %d vs %d", start, end) } for i := range mi.entries { e := &mi.entries[i] if start >= e.start && end <= e.end { return true } } return false } func (mi *rollupResultCacheMetainfo) GetBestKey(start, end int64) rollupResultCacheKey { if start > end { logger.Panicf("BUG: start cannot exceed end; got %d vs %d", start, end) } var bestKey rollupResultCacheKey dMax := int64(0) for i := range mi.entries { e := &mi.entries[i] if start < e.start { continue } d := e.end - start if end <= e.end { d = end - start } if d >= dMax { dMax = d bestKey = e.key } } return bestKey } func (mi *rollupResultCacheMetainfo) AddKey(key rollupResultCacheKey, start, end int64) { if start > end { logger.Panicf("BUG: start cannot exceed end; got %d vs %d", start, end) } mi.entries = append(mi.entries, rollupResultCacheMetainfoEntry{ start: start, end: end, key: key, }) if len(mi.entries) > 30 { // Remove old entries. mi.entries = append(mi.entries[:0], mi.entries[10:]...) } } func (mi *rollupResultCacheMetainfo) RemoveKey(key rollupResultCacheKey) { for i := range mi.entries { if mi.entries[i].key == key { mi.entries = append(mi.entries[:i], mi.entries[i+1:]...) return } } } type rollupResultCacheMetainfoEntry struct { start int64 end int64 key rollupResultCacheKey } func (mie *rollupResultCacheMetainfoEntry) Marshal(dst []byte) []byte { dst = encoding.MarshalInt64(dst, mie.start) dst = encoding.MarshalInt64(dst, mie.end) dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, mie.key.prefix) dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, mie.key.suffix) return dst } func (mie *rollupResultCacheMetainfoEntry) Unmarshal(src []byte) ([]byte, error) { if len(src) < 8 { return src, fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal start from %d bytes; need at least %d bytes", len(src), 8) } mie.start = encoding.UnmarshalInt64(src) src = src[8:] if len(src) < 8 { return src, fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal end from %d bytes; need at least %d bytes", len(src), 8) } mie.end = encoding.UnmarshalInt64(src) src = src[8:] if len(src) < 8 { return src, fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal key prefix from %d bytes; need at least %d bytes", len(src), 8) } mie.key.prefix = encoding.UnmarshalUint64(src) src = src[8:] if len(src) < 8 { return src, fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal key suffix from %d bytes; need at least %d bytes", len(src), 8) } mie.key.suffix = encoding.UnmarshalUint64(src) src = src[8:] return src, nil } // rollupResultCacheKey must be globally unique across vmselect nodes, // so it has prefix and suffix. type rollupResultCacheKey struct { prefix uint64 suffix uint64 } func (k *rollupResultCacheKey) Marshal(dst []byte) []byte { dst = append(dst, rollupResultCacheVersion) dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, k.prefix) dst = encoding.MarshalUint64(dst, k.suffix) return dst }