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VM_logo.zip |
VictoriaMetrics
VictoriaMetrics is fast, cost-effective and scalable time-series database.
It is available in binary releases, docker images and in source code. Just download VictoriaMetrics and see how to start it.
Cluster version is available here.
See our Wiki for additional documentation.
Contact us if you need paid enterprise support for VictoriaMetrics. See features available for enterprise customers.
Case studies and talks
- Adidas
- CERN
- COLOPL
- Zerodha
- Wix.com
- Wedos.com
- Synthesio
- MHI Vestas Offshore Wind
- Dreamteam
- Brandwatch
- Adsterra
- ARNES
Prominent features
- VictoriaMetrics can be used as long-term storage for Prometheus or for vmagent. See these docs for details.
- Supports Prometheus querying API, so it can be used as Prometheus drop-in replacement in Grafana. VictoriaMetrics implements MetricsQL query language, which is inspired by PromQL.
- Supports global query view. Multiple Prometheus instances may write data into VictoriaMetrics. Later this data may be used in a single query.
- High performance and good scalability for both inserts and selects. Outperforms InfluxDB and TimescaleDB by up to 20x.
- Uses 10x less RAM than InfluxDB when working with millions of unique time series (aka high cardinality).
- Optimized for time series with high churn rate. Think about prometheus-operator metrics from frequent deployments in Kubernetes.
- High data compression, so up to 70x more data points may be crammed into limited storage comparing to TimescaleDB.
- Optimized for storage with high-latency IO and low IOPS (HDD and network storage in AWS, Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, etc). See graphs from these benchmarks.
- A single-node VictoriaMetrics may substitute moderately sized clusters built with competing solutions such as Thanos, M3DB, Cortex, InfluxDB or TimescaleDB. See vertical scalability benchmarks, comparing Thanos to VictoriaMetrics cluster and Remote Write Storage Wars talk from PromCon 2019.
- Easy operation:
- VictoriaMetrics consists of a single small executable without external dependencies.
- All the configuration is done via explicit command-line flags with reasonable defaults.
- All the data is stored in a single directory pointed by
-storageDataPath
flag. - Easy and fast backups from instant snapshots to S3 or GCS with vmbackup / vmrestore. See this article for more details.
- Storage is protected from corruption on unclean shutdown (i.e. OOM, hardware reset or
kill -9
) thanks to the storage architecture. - Supports metrics' scraping, ingestion and backfilling via the following protocols:
- Metrics from Prometheus exporters such as node_exporter. See these docs for details.
- Prometheus remote write API
- InfluxDB line protocol over HTTP, TCP and UDP.
- Graphite plaintext protocol with tags
if
-graphiteListenAddr
is set. - OpenTSDB put message if
-opentsdbListenAddr
is set. - HTTP OpenTSDB /api/put requests if
-opentsdbHTTPListenAddr
is set. - /api/v1/import.
- Arbitrary CSV data.
- Supports metrics' relabeling. See these docs for details.
- Ideally works with big amounts of time series data from Kubernetes, IoT sensors, connected cars, industrial telemetry, financial data and various Enterprise workloads.
- Has open source cluster version.
- See also technical Articles about VictoriaMetrics.
Operation
Table of contents
- How to start VictoriaMetrics
- Prometheus setup
- Grafana setup
- How to upgrade VictoriaMetrics
- How to apply new config to VictoriaMetrics
- How to scrape Prometheus exporters such as node_exporter
- How to send data from InfluxDB-compatible agents such as Telegraf
- How to send data from Graphite-compatible agents such as StatsD
- Querying Graphite data
- How to send data from OpenTSDB-compatible agents
- How to import data in Prometheus exposition format
- How to import CSV data
- Prometheus querying API usage
- How to build from sources
- Start with docker-compose
- Setting up service
- How to work with snapshots
- How to delete time series
- How to export time series
- How to import time series data
- Relabeling
- Federation
- Capacity planning
- High availability
- Deduplication
- Retention
- Multiple retentions
- Downsampling
- Multi-tenancy
- Scalability and cluster version
- Alerting
- Security
- Tuning
- Monitoring
- Troubleshooting
- Backfilling
- Replication
- Backups
- Profiling
- Integrations
- Third-party contributions
- Contacts
- Community and contributions
- Reporting bugs
- Victoria Metrics Logo
How to start VictoriaMetrics
Just start VictoriaMetrics executable or docker image with the desired command-line flags.
The following command-line flags are used the most:
-storageDataPath
- path to data directory. VictoriaMetrics stores all the data in this directory. Default path isvictoria-metrics-data
in current working directory.-retentionPeriod
- retention period in months for the data. Older data is automatically deleted. Default period is 1 month.
Other flags have good enough default values, so set them only if you really need this.
VictoriaMetrics accepts Prometheus querying API requests on port 8428
by default.
Pass -help
to see all the available flags with description and default values.
It is recommended setting up monitoring for VictoriaMetrics.
Environment variables
Each flag values can be set thru environment variables by following these rules:
- The
-envflag.enable
flag must be set - Each
.
in flag names must be substituted by_
(for example-insert.maxQueueDuration <duration>
will translate toinsert_maxQueueDuration=<duration>
) - For repeating flags, an alternative syntax can be used by joining the different values into one using
,
as separator (for example-storageNode <nodeA> -storageNode <nodeB>
will translate tostorageNode=<nodeA>,<nodeB>
) - It is possible setting prefix for environment vars with
-envflag.prefix
. For instance, if-envflag.prefix=VM_
, then env vars must be prepended withVM_
Prometheus setup
Prometheus must be configured with remote_write
in order to send data to VictoriaMetrics. Add the following lines
to Prometheus config file (it is usually located at /etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml
):
remote_write:
- url: http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/write
Substitute <victoriametrics-addr>
with the hostname or IP address of VictoriaMetrics.
Then apply the new config via the following command:
kill -HUP `pidof prometheus`
Prometheus writes incoming data to local storage and replicates it to remote storage in parallel.
This means the data remains available in local storage for --storage.tsdb.retention.time
duration
even if remote storage is unavailable.
If you plan to send data to VictoriaMetrics from multiple Prometheus instances, then add the following lines into global
section
of Prometheus config:
global:
external_labels:
datacenter: dc-123
This instructs Prometheus to add datacenter=dc-123
label to each time series sent to remote storage.
The label name may be arbitrary - datacenter
is just an example. The label value must be unique
across Prometheus instances, so those time series may be filtered and grouped by this label.
For highly loaded Prometheus instances (400k+ samples per second) the following tuning may be applied:
remote_write:
- url: http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/write
queue_config:
max_samples_per_send: 10000
capacity: 20000
max_shards: 30
Using remote write increases memory usage for Prometheus up to ~25%
and depends on the shape of data. If you are experiencing issues with
too high memory consumption try to lower max_samples_per_send
and capacity
params (keep in mind that these two params are tightly connected).
Read more about tuning remote write for Prometheus here.
It is recommended upgrading Prometheus to v2.12.0 or newer,
since the previous versions may have issues with remote_write
.
Take a look also at vmagent, which can be used as faster and less resource-hungry alternative to Prometheus in certain cases.
Grafana setup
Create Prometheus datasource in Grafana with the following Url:
http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428
Substitute <victoriametrics-addr>
with the hostname or IP address of VictoriaMetrics.
Then build graphs with the created datasource using Prometheus query language. VictoriaMetrics supports native PromQL and extends it with useful features.
How to upgrade VictoriaMetrics
It is safe upgrading VictoriaMetrics to new versions unless release notes say otherwise. It is recommended performing regular upgrades to the latest version, since it may contain important bug fixes, performance optimizations or new features.
Follow the following steps during the upgrade:
- Send
SIGINT
signal to VictoriaMetrics process in order to gracefully stop it. - Wait until the process stops. This can take a few seconds.
- Start the upgraded VictoriaMetrics.
Prometheus doesn't drop data during VictoriaMetrics restart. See this article for details.
How to apply new config to VictoriaMetrics
VictoriaMetrics must be restarted for applying new config:
- Send
SIGINT
signal to VictoriaMetrics process in order to gracefully stop it. - Wait until the process stops. This can take a few seconds.
- Start VictoriaMetrics with the new config.
Prometheus doesn't drop data during VictoriaMetrics restart. See this article for details.
How to scrape Prometheus exporters such as node-exporter
VictoriaMetrics can be used as drop-in replacement for Prometheus for scraping targets configured in prometheus.yml
config file according to the specification.
Just set -promscrape.config
command-line flag to the path to prometheus.yml
config - and VictoriaMetrics should start scraping the configured targets.
Currently the following scrape_config types are supported:
- static_config
- file_sd_config
- kubernetes_sd_config
- ec2_sd_config
- gce_sd_config
- consul_sd_config
- dns_sd_config
In the future other *_sd_config
types will be supported.
VictoriaMetrics also supports importing data in Prometheus exposition format.
See also vmagent, which can be used as drop-in replacement for Prometheus.
How to send data from InfluxDB-compatible agents such as Telegraf
Just use http://<victoriametric-addr>:8428
url instead of InfluxDB url in agents' configs.
For instance, put the following lines into Telegraf
config, so it sends data to VictoriaMetrics instead of InfluxDB:
[[outputs.influxdb]]
urls = ["http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428"]
Do not forget substituting <victoriametrics-addr>
with the real address where VictoriaMetrics runs.
Another option is to enable TCP and UDP receiver for Influx line protocol via -influxListenAddr
command-line flag
and stream plain Influx line protocol data to the configured TCP and/or UDP addresses.
VictoriaMetrics maps Influx data using the following rules:
db
query arg is mapped intodb
label value unlessdb
tag exists in the Influx line.- Field names are mapped to time series names prefixed with
{measurement}{separator}
value, where{separator}
equals to_
by default. It can be changed with-influxMeasurementFieldSeparator
command-line flag. See also-influxSkipSingleField
command-line flag. If{measurement}
is empty or-influxSkipMeasurement
command-line flag is set, then time series names correspond to field names. - Field values are mapped to time series values.
- Tags are mapped to Prometheus labels as-is.
For example, the following Influx line:
foo,tag1=value1,tag2=value2 field1=12,field2=40
is converted into the following Prometheus data points:
foo_field1{tag1="value1", tag2="value2"} 12
foo_field2{tag1="value1", tag2="value2"} 40
Example for writing data with Influx line protocol
to local VictoriaMetrics using curl
:
curl -d 'measurement,tag1=value1,tag2=value2 field1=123,field2=1.23' -X POST 'http://localhost:8428/write'
An arbitrary number of lines delimited by '\n' (aka newline char) may be sent in a single request. After that the data may be read via /api/v1/export endpoint:
curl -G 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export' -d 'match={__name__=~"measurement_.*"}'
The /api/v1/export
endpoint should return the following response:
{"metric":{"__name__":"measurement_field1","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2"},"values":[123],"timestamps":[1560272508147]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"measurement_field2","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2"},"values":[1.23],"timestamps":[1560272508147]}
Note that Influx line protocol expects timestamps in nanoseconds by default, while VictoriaMetrics stores them with milliseconds precision.
How to send data from Graphite-compatible agents such as StatsD
- Enable Graphite receiver in VictoriaMetrics by setting
-graphiteListenAddr
command line flag. For instance, the following command will enable Graphite receiver in VictoriaMetrics on TCP and UDP port2003
:
/path/to/victoria-metrics-prod -graphiteListenAddr=:2003
- Use the configured address in Graphite-compatible agents. For instance, set
graphiteHost
to the VictoriaMetrics host inStatsD
configs.
Example for writing data with Graphite plaintext protocol to local VictoriaMetrics using nc
:
echo "foo.bar.baz;tag1=value1;tag2=value2 123 `date +%s`" | nc -N localhost 2003
VictoriaMetrics sets the current time if the timestamp is omitted.
An arbitrary number of lines delimited by \n
(aka newline char) may be sent in one go.
After that the data may be read via /api/v1/export endpoint:
curl -G 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export' -d 'match=foo.bar.baz'
The /api/v1/export
endpoint should return the following response:
{"metric":{"__name__":"foo.bar.baz","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2"},"values":[123],"timestamps":[1560277406000]}
Querying Graphite data
Data sent to VictoriaMetrics via Graphite plaintext protocol
may be read either via
Prometheus querying API
or via go-graphite/carbonapi.
How to send data from OpenTSDB-compatible agents
VictoriaMetrics supports telnet put protocol and HTTP /api/put requests for ingesting OpenTSDB data.
Sending data via telnet put
protocol
- Enable OpenTSDB receiver in VictoriaMetrics by setting
-opentsdbListenAddr
command line flag. For instance, the following command enables OpenTSDB receiver in VictoriaMetrics on TCP and UDP port4242
:
/path/to/victoria-metrics-prod -opentsdbListenAddr=:4242
- Send data to the given address from OpenTSDB-compatible agents.
Example for writing data with OpenTSDB protocol to local VictoriaMetrics using nc
:
echo "put foo.bar.baz `date +%s` 123 tag1=value1 tag2=value2" | nc -N localhost 4242
An arbitrary number of lines delimited by \n
(aka newline char) may be sent in one go.
After that the data may be read via /api/v1/export endpoint:
curl -G 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export' -d 'match=foo.bar.baz'
The /api/v1/export
endpoint should return the following response:
{"metric":{"__name__":"foo.bar.baz","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2"},"values":[123],"timestamps":[1560277292000]}
Sending OpenTSDB data via HTTP /api/put
requests
- Enable HTTP server for OpenTSDB
/api/put
requests by setting-opentsdbHTTPListenAddr
command line flag. For instance, the following command enables OpenTSDB HTTP server on port4242
:
/path/to/victoria-metrics-prod -opentsdbHTTPListenAddr=:4242
- Send data to the given address from OpenTSDB-compatible agents.
Example for writing a single data point:
curl -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"metric":"x.y.z","value":45.34,"tags":{"t1":"v1","t2":"v2"}}' http://localhost:4242/api/put
Example for writing multiple data points in a single request:
curl -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '[{"metric":"foo","value":45.34},{"metric":"bar","value":43}]' http://localhost:4242/api/put
After that the data may be read via /api/v1/export endpoint:
curl -G 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export' -d 'match[]=x.y.z' -d 'match[]=foo' -d 'match[]=bar'
The /api/v1/export
endpoint should return the following response:
{"metric":{"__name__":"foo"},"values":[45.34],"timestamps":[1566464846000]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"bar"},"values":[43],"timestamps":[1566464846000]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"x.y.z","t1":"v1","t2":"v2"},"values":[45.34],"timestamps":[1566464763000]}
How to import CSV data
Arbitrary CSV data can be imported via /api/v1/import/csv
. The CSV data is imported according to the provided format
query arg.
The format
query arg must contain comma-separated list of parsing rules for CSV fields. Each rule consists of three parts delimited by a colon:
<column_pos>:<type>:<context>
<column_pos>
is the position of the CSV column (field). Column numbering starts from 1. The order of parsing rules may be arbitrary.<type>
describes the column type. Supported types are:metric
- the corresponding CSV column at<column_pos>
contains metric value, which must be integer or floating-point number. The metric name is read from the<context>
. CSV line must have at least a single metric field. Multiple metric fields per CSV line is OK.label
- the corresponding CSV column at<column_pos>
contains label value. The label name is read from the<context>
. CSV line may have arbitrary number of label fields. All these labels are attached to all the configured metrics.time
- the corresponding CSV column at<column_pos>
contains metric time. CSV line may contain either one or zero columns with time. If CSV line has no time, then the current time is used. The time is applied to all the configured metrics. The format of the time is configured via<context>
. Supported time formats are:unix_s
- unix timestamp in seconds.unix_ms
- unix timestamp in milliseconds.unix_ns
- unix timestamp in nanoseconds. Note that VictoriaMetrics rounds the timestamp to milliseconds.rfc3339
- timestamp in RFC3339 format, i.e.2006-01-02T15:04:05Z
.custom:<layout>
- custom layout for the timestamp. The<layout>
may contain arbitrary time layout according to time.Parse rules in Go.
Each request to /api/v1/import/csv
may contain arbitrary number of CSV lines.
Example for importing CSV data via /api/v1/import/csv
:
curl -d "GOOG,1.23,4.56,NYSE" 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/import/csv?format=2:metric:ask,3:metric:bid,1:label:ticker,4:label:market'
curl -d "MSFT,3.21,1.67,NASDAQ" 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/import/csv?format=2:metric:ask,3:metric:bid,1:label:ticker,4:label:market'
After that the data may be read via /api/v1/export endpoint:
curl -G 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export' -d 'match[]={ticker!=""}'
The following response should be returned:
{"metric":{"__name__":"bid","market":"NASDAQ","ticker":"MSFT"},"values":[1.67],"timestamps":[1583865146520]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"bid","market":"NYSE","ticker":"GOOG"},"values":[4.56],"timestamps":[1583865146495]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"ask","market":"NASDAQ","ticker":"MSFT"},"values":[3.21],"timestamps":[1583865146520]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"ask","market":"NYSE","ticker":"GOOG"},"values":[1.23],"timestamps":[1583865146495]}
Note that it could be required to flush response cache after importing historical data. See these docs for detail.
How to import data in Prometheus exposition format
VictoriaMetrics accepts data in Prometheus exposition format
via /api/v1/import/prometheus
path. For example, the following line imports a single line in Prometheus exposition format into VictoriaMetrics:
curl -d 'foo{bar="baz"} 123' -X POST 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/import/prometheus'
The following command may be used for verifying the imported data:
curl -G 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export' -d 'match={__name__=~"foo"}'
It should return somethins like the following:
{"metric":{"__name__":"foo","bar":"baz"},"values":[123],"timestamps":[1594370496905]}
VictoriaMetrics accepts arbitrary number of lines in a single request to /api/v1/import/prometheus
, i.e. it supports data streaming.
VictoriaMetrics also may scrape Prometheus targets - see these docs.
Prometheus querying API usage
VictoriaMetrics supports the following handlers from Prometheus querying API:
- /api/v1/query
- /api/v1/query_range
- /api/v1/series
- /api/v1/labels
- /api/v1/label/.../values
- /api/v1/status/tsdb
These handlers can be queried from Prometheus-compatible clients such as Grafana or curl.
VictoriaMetrics accepts additional args for /api/v1/labels
and /api/v1/label/.../values
handlers.
See this feature request for details:
- Any number time series selectors via
match[]
query arg. - Optional
start
andend
query args for limiting the time range for the selected labels or label values.
Additionally VictoriaMetrics provides the following handlers:
/api/v1/series/count
- it returns the total number of time series in the database. Note that this handler scans all the inverted index, so it can be slow if the database contains tens of millions of time series./api/v1/labels/count
- it returns a list oflabel: values_count
entries. It can be used for determining labels with the maximum number of values./api/v1/status/active_queries
- it returns a list of currently running queries.
How to build from sources
We recommend using either binary releases or docker images instead of building VictoriaMetrics from sources. Building from sources is reasonable when developing additional features specific to your needs or when testing bugfixes.
Development build
- Install Go. The minimum supported version is Go 1.13.
- Run
make victoria-metrics
from the root folder of the repository. It buildsvictoria-metrics
binary and puts it into thebin
folder.
Production build
- Install docker.
- Run
make victoria-metrics-prod
from the root folder of the repository. It buildsvictoria-metrics-prod
binary and puts it into thebin
folder.
ARM build
ARM build may run on Raspberry Pi or on energy-efficient ARM servers.
Development ARM build
- Install Go. The minimum supported version is Go 1.13.
- Run
make victoria-metrics-arm
ormake victoria-metrics-arm64
from the root folder of the repository. It buildsvictoria-metrics-arm
orvictoria-metrics-arm64
binary respectively and puts it into thebin
folder.
Production ARM build
- Install docker.
- Run
make victoria-metrics-arm-prod
ormake victoria-metrics-arm64-prod
from the root folder of the repository. It buildsvictoria-metrics-arm-prod
orvictoria-metrics-arm64-prod
binary respectively and puts it into thebin
folder.
Pure Go build (CGO_ENABLED=0)
Pure Go
mode builds only Go code without cgo dependencies.
This is an experimental mode, which may result in a lower compression ratio and slower decompression performance.
Use it with caution!
- Install Go. The minimum supported version is Go 1.13.
- Run
make victoria-metrics-pure
from the root folder of the repository. It buildsvictoria-metrics-pure
binary and puts it into thebin
folder.
Building docker images
Run make package-victoria-metrics
. It builds victoriametrics/victoria-metrics:<PKG_TAG>
docker image locally.
<PKG_TAG>
is auto-generated image tag, which depends on source code in the repository.
The <PKG_TAG>
may be manually set via PKG_TAG=foobar make package-victoria-metrics
.
By default the image is built on top of alpine image for improved debuggability.
It is possible to build the package on top of any other base image by setting it via <ROOT_IMAGE>
environment variable.
For example, the following command builds the image on top of scratch image:
ROOT_IMAGE=scratch make package-victoria-metrics
Start with docker-compose
Docker-compose helps to spin up VictoriaMetrics, vmagent and Grafana with one command. More details may be found here.
Setting up service
Read these instructions on how to set up VictoriaMetrics as a service in your OS.
How to work with snapshots
VictoriaMetrics can create instant snapshots
for all the data stored under -storageDataPath
directory.
Navigate to http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/snapshot/create
in order to create an instant snapshot.
The page will return the following JSON response:
{"status":"ok","snapshot":"<snapshot-name>"}
Snapshots are created under <-storageDataPath>/snapshots
directory, where <-storageDataPath>
is the command-line flag value. Snapshots can be archived to backup storage at any time
with vmbackup.
The http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/snapshot/list
page contains the list of available snapshots.
Navigate to http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/snapshot/delete?snapshot=<snapshot-name>
in order
to delete <snapshot-name>
snapshot.
Navigate to http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/snapshot/delete_all
in order to delete all the snapshots.
Steps for restoring from a snapshot:
- Stop VictoriaMetrics with
kill -INT
. - Restore snapshot contents from backup with vmrestore
to the directory pointed by
-storageDataPath
. - Start VictoriaMetrics.
How to delete time series
Send a request to http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/admin/tsdb/delete_series?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_delete>
,
where <timeseries_selector_for_delete>
may contain any time series selector
for metrics to delete. After that all the time series matching the given selector are deleted. Storage space for
the deleted time series isn't freed instantly - it is freed during subsequent background merges of data files.
It is recommended verifying which metrics will be deleted with the call to http://<victoria-metrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/series?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_delete>
before actually deleting the metrics.
The /api/v1/admin/tsdb/delete_series
handler may be protected with authKey
if -deleteAuthKey
command-line flag is set.
The delete API is intended mainly for the following cases:
- One-off deleting of accidentally written invalid (or undesired) time series.
- One-off deleting of user data due to GDPR.
It isn't recommended using delete API for the following cases, since it brings non-zero overhead:
- Regular cleanups for unneeded data. Just prevent writing unneeded data into VictoriaMetrics. This can be done with relabeling. See this article for details.
- Reducing disk space usage by deleting unneeded time series. This doesn't work as expected, since the deleted time series occupy disk space until the next merge operation, which can never occur when deleting too old data.
It is better using -retentionPeriod
command-line flag for efficient pruning of old data.
How to export time series
Send a request to http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/export?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_export>
,
where <timeseries_selector_for_export>
may contain any time series selector
for metrics to export. Use {__name__!=""}
selector for fetching all the time series.
The response would contain all the data for the selected time series in JSON streaming format.
Each JSON line would contain data for a single time series. An example output:
{"metric":{"__name__":"up","job":"node_exporter","instance":"localhost:9100"},"values":[0,0,0],"timestamps":[1549891472010,1549891487724,1549891503438]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"up","job":"prometheus","instance":"localhost:9090"},"values":[1,1,1],"timestamps":[1549891461511,1549891476511,1549891491511]}
Optional start
and end
args may be added to the request in order to limit the time frame for the exported data. These args may contain either
unix timestamp in seconds or RFC3339 values.
Optional max_rows_per_line
arg may be added to the request in order to limit the maximum number of rows exported per each JSON line.
By default each JSON line contains all the rows for a single time series.
Pass Accept-Encoding: gzip
HTTP header in the request to /api/v1/export
in order to reduce network bandwidth during exporing big amounts
of time series data. This enables gzip compression for the exported data. Example for exporting gzipped data:
curl -H 'Accept-Encoding: gzip' http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export -d 'match[]={__name__!=""}' > data.jsonl.gz
The maximum duration for each request to /api/v1/export
is limited by -search.maxExportDuration
command-line flag.
Exported data can be imported via POST'ing it to /api/v1/import.
How to import time series data
Time series data can be imported via any supported ingestion protocol:
- Prometheus remote_write API
- Influx line protocol
- Graphite plaintext protocol
- OpenTSDB telnet put protocol
- OpenTSDB http /api/put
/api/v1/import
http POST handler, which accepts data from /api/v1/export./api/v1/import/csv
http POST handler, which accepts CSV data. See these docs for details./api/v1/import/prometheus
http POST handler, which accepts data in Prometheus exposition format. See these docs for details.
The most efficient protocol for importing data into VictoriaMetrics is /api/v1/import
. Example for importing data obtained via /api/v1/export
:
# Export the data from <source-victoriametrics>:
curl http://source-victoriametrics:8428/api/v1/export -d 'match={__name__!=""}' > exported_data.jsonl
# Import the data to <destination-victoriametrics>:
curl -X POST http://destination-victoriametrics:8428/api/v1/import -T exported_data.jsonl
Pass Content-Encoding: gzip
HTTP request header to /api/v1/import
for importing gzipped data:
# Export gzipped data from <source-victoriametrics>:
curl -H 'Accept-Encoding: gzip' http://source-victoriametrics:8428/api/v1/export -d 'match={__name__!=""}' > exported_data.jsonl.gz
# Import gzipped data to <destination-victoriametrics>:
curl -X POST -H 'Content-Encoding: gzip' http://destination-victoriametrics:8428/api/v1/import -T exported_data.jsonl.gz
Note that it could be required to flush response cache after importing historical data. See these docs for detail.
Each request to /api/v1/import
can load up to a single vCPU core on VictoriaMetrics. Import speed can be improved by splitting the original file into smaller parts
and importing them concurrently. Note that the original file must be split on newlines.
Relabeling
VictoriaMetrics supports Prometheus-compatible relabeling for all the ingested metrics if -relabelConfig
command-line flag points
to a file containing a list of relabel_config entries.
Additionally VictoriaMetrics provides the following extra actions for relabeling rules:
replace_all
: replaces all the occurences ofregex
in the values ofsource_labels
with thereplacement
and stores the result in thetarget_label
.labelmap_all
: replaces all the occurences ofregex
in all the label names with thereplacement
.keep_if_equal
: keeps the entry if all label values fromsource_labels
are equal.drop_if_equal
: drops the entry if all the label values fromsource_labels
are equal.
See also relabeling in vmagent.
Federation
VictoriaMetrics exports Prometheus-compatible federation data
at http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/federate?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_federation>
.
Optional start
and end
args may be added to the request in order to scrape the last point for each selected time series on the [start ... end]
interval.
start
and end
may contain either unix timestamp in seconds or RFC3339 values. By default, the last point
on the interval [now - max_lookback ... now]
is scraped for each time series. The default value for max_lookback
is 5m
(5 minutes), but it can be overridden.
For instance, /federate?match[]=up&max_lookback=1h
would return last points on the [now - 1h ... now]
interval. This may be useful for time series federation
with scrape intervals exceeding 5m
.
Capacity planning
A rough estimation of the required resources for ingestion path:
-
RAM size: less than 1KB per active time series. So, ~1GB of RAM is required for 1M active time series. Time series is considered active if new data points have been added to it recently or if it has been recently queried. The number of active time series may be obtained from
vm_cache_entries{type="storage/hour_metric_ids"}
metric exported on the/metrics
page. VictoriaMetrics stores various caches in RAM. Memory size for these caches may be limited by-memory.allowedPercent
flag. -
CPU cores: a CPU core per 300K inserted data points per second. So, ~4 CPU cores are required for processing the insert stream of 1M data points per second. The ingestion rate may be lower for high cardinality data or for time series with high number of labels. See this article for details. If you see lower numbers per CPU core, then it is likely active time series info doesn't fit caches, so you need more RAM for lowering CPU usage.
-
Storage space: less than a byte per data point on average. So, ~260GB is required for storing a month-long insert stream of 100K data points per second. The actual storage size heavily depends on data randomness (entropy). Higher randomness means higher storage size requirements. Read this article for details.
-
Network usage: outbound traffic is negligible. Ingress traffic is ~100 bytes per ingested data point via Prometheus remote_write API. The actual ingress bandwidth usage depends on the average number of labels per ingested metric and the average size of label values. The higher number of per-metric labels and longer label values mean the higher ingress bandwidth.
The required resources for query path:
-
RAM size: depends on the number of time series to scan in each query and the
step
argument passed to /api/v1/query_range. The higher number of scanned time series and lowerstep
argument results in the higher RAM usage. -
CPU cores: a CPU core per 30 millions of scanned data points per second. This means that heavy queries that touch big number of time series (over 10K) and/or big number data points (over 100M) usually require more CPU resources than tiny queries that touch a few time series with small number of data points.
-
Network usage: depends on the frequency and the type of incoming requests. Typical Grafana dashboards usually require negligible network bandwidth.
High availability
- Install multiple VictoriaMetrics instances in distinct datacenters (availability zones).
- Pass addresses of these instances to vmagent via
-remoteWrite.url
command-line flag:
/path/to/vmagent -remoteWrite.url=http://<victoriametrics-addr-1>:8428/api/v1/write -remoteWrite.url=http://<victoriametrics-addr-2>:8428/api/v1/write
Alternatively these addresses may be passed to remote_write
section in Prometheus config:
remote_write:
- url: http://<victoriametrics-addr-1>:8428/api/v1/write
queue_config:
max_samples_per_send: 10000
# ...
- url: http://<victoriametrics-addr-N>:8428/api/v1/write
queue_config:
max_samples_per_send: 10000
- Apply the updated config:
kill -HUP `pidof prometheus`
It is recommended to use vmagent instead of Prometheus for highly loaded setups.
- Now Prometheus should write data into all the configured
remote_write
urls in parallel. - Set up Promxy in front of all the VictoriaMetrics replicas.
- Set up Prometheus datasource in Grafana that points to Promxy.
If you have Prometheus HA pairs with replicas r1
and r2
in each pair, then configure each r1
to write data to victoriametrics-addr-1
, while each r2
should write data to victoriametrics-addr-2
.
Another option is to write data simultaneously from Prometheus HA pair to a pair of VictoriaMetrics instances with the enabled de-duplication. See this section for details.
Deduplication
VictoriaMetrics de-duplicates data points if -dedup.minScrapeInterval
command-line flag
is set to positive duration. For example, -dedup.minScrapeInterval=60s
would de-duplicate data points
on the same time series if they are located closer than 60s to each other.
The de-duplication reduces disk space usage if multiple identically configured Prometheus instances in HA pair
write data to the same VictoriaMetrics instance. Note that these Prometheus instances must have identical
external_labels
section in their configs, so they write data to the same time series.
Retention
Retention is configured with -retentionPeriod
command-line flag. For instance, -retentionPeriod=3
means
that the data will be stored for 3 months and then deleted.
Data is split in per-month subdirectories inside <-storageDataPath>/data/small
and <-storageDataPath>/data/big
folders.
Directories for months outside the configured retention are deleted on the first day of new month.
In order to keep data according to -retentionPeriod
max disk space usage is going to be -retentionPeriod
+ 1 month.
For example if -retentionPeriod
is set to 1, data for January is deleted on March 1st.
It is safe to extend -retentionPeriod
on existing data. If -retentionPeriod
is set to lower
value than before then data outside the configured period will be eventually deleted.
Multiple retentions
Just start multiple VictoriaMetrics instances with distinct values for the following flags:
-retentionPeriod
-storageDataPath
, so the data for each retention period is saved in a separate directory-httpListenAddr
, so clients may reach VictoriaMetrics instance with proper retention
Then set up vmauth in front of VictoriaMetrics instances, so it could route requests from particular user to VictoriaMetrics with the desired retention. The same scheme could be implemented for multiple tenants in VictoriaMetrics cluster.
Downsampling
There is no downsampling support at the moment, but:
- VictoriaMetrics is optimized for querying big amounts of raw data. See benchmark results for heavy queries in this article.
- VictoriaMetrics has good compression for on-disk data. See this article for details.
These properties reduce the need of downsampling. We plan to implement downsampling in the future. See this issue for details.
It is possible to (ab)use -dedup.minScrapeInterval for basic downsampling.
For instance, if interval between the ingested data points is 15s, then -dedup.minScrapeInterval=5m
will leave
only a single data point out of 20 initial data points per each 5m interval.
Multi-tenancy
Single-node VictoriaMetrics doesn't support multi-tenancy. Use cluster version instead.
Scalability and cluster version
Though single-node VictoriaMetrics cannot scale to multiple nodes, it is optimized for resource usage - storage size / bandwidth / IOPS, RAM, CPU. This means that a single-node VictoriaMetrics may scale vertically and substitute a moderately sized cluster built with competing solutions such as Thanos, Uber M3, InfluxDB or TimescaleDB. See vertical scalability benchmarks.
So try single-node VictoriaMetrics at first and then switch to cluster version if you still need horizontally scalable long-term remote storage for really large Prometheus deployments. Contact us for paid support.
Alerting
It is recommended using vmalert for alerting.
Additionally, alerting can be set up with the following tools:
- With Prometheus - see the corresponding docs.
- With Promxy - see the corresponding docs.
- With Grafana - see the corresponding docs.
Security
Do not forget protecting sensitive endpoints in VictoriaMetrics when exposing it to untrusted networks such as the internet. Consider setting the following command-line flags:
-tls
,-tlsCertFile
and-tlsKeyFile
for switching from HTTP to HTTPS.-httpAuth.username
and-httpAuth.password
for protecting all the HTTP endpoints with HTTP Basic Authentication.-deleteAuthKey
for protecting/api/v1/admin/tsdb/delete_series
endpoint. See how to delete time series.-snapshotAuthKey
for protecting/snapshot*
endpoints. See how to work with snapshots.-search.resetCacheAuthKey
for protecting/internal/resetRollupResultCache
endpoint. See backfilling for more details.
Explicitly set internal network interface for TCP and UDP ports for data ingestion with Graphite and OpenTSDB formats.
For example, substitute -graphiteListenAddr=:2003
with -graphiteListenAddr=<internal_iface_ip>:2003
.
Prefer authorizing all the incoming requests from untrusted networks with vmauth or similar auth proxy.
Tuning
- There is no need for VictoriaMetrics tuning since it uses reasonable defaults for command-line flags, which are automatically adjusted for the available CPU and RAM resources.
- There is no need for Operating System tuning since VictoriaMetrics is optimized for default OS settings. The only option is increasing the limit on the number of open files in the OS, so Prometheus instances could establish more connections to VictoriaMetrics.
- The recommended filesystem is
ext4
, the recommended persistent storage is persistent HDD-based disk on GCP, since it is protected from hardware failures via internal replication and it can be resized on the fly. If you plan to store more than 1TB of data onext4
partition or plan extending it to more than 16TB, then the following options are recommended to pass tomkfs.ext4
:
mkfs.ext4 ... -O 64bit,huge_file,extent -T huge
Monitoring
VictoriaMetrics exports internal metrics in Prometheus format at /metrics
page.
These metrics may be collected by vmagent
or Prometheus by adding the corresponding scrape config to it.
Alternatively they can be self-scraped by setting -selfScrapeInterval
command-line flag to duration greater than 0.
For example, -selfScrapeInterval=10s
would enable self-scraping of /metrics
page with 10 seconds interval.
There are officials Grafana dashboards for single-node VictoriaMetrics and clustered VictoriaMetrics. There is also an alternative dashboard for clustered VictoriaMetrics.
The most interesting metrics are:
vm_cache_entries{type="storage/hour_metric_ids"}
- the number of time series with new data points during the last hour aka active time series.increase(vm_new_timeseries_created_total[1h])
- time series churn rate during the previous hour.sum(vm_rows{type=~"storage/.*"})
- total number of(timestamp, value)
data points in the database.sum(rate(vm_rows_inserted_total[5m]))
- ingestion rate, i.e. how many samples are inserted int the database per second.vm_free_disk_space_bytes
- free space left at-storageDataPath
.sum(vm_data_size_bytes)
- the total size of data on disk.increase(vm_slow_row_inserts_total[5m])
- the number of slow inserts during the last 5 minutes. If this number remains high during extended periods of time, then it is likely more RAM is needed for optimal handling of the current number of active time series.increase(vm_slow_metric_name_loads_total[5m])
- the number of slow loads of metric names during the last 5 minutes. If this number remains high during extended periods of time, then it is likely more RAM is needed for optimal handling of the current number of active time series.
VictoriaMetrics also exposes currently running queries with their execution times at /api/v1/status/active_queries
page.
Troubleshooting
-
It is recommended to use default command-line flag values (i.e. don't set them explicitly) until the need of tweaking these flag values arises.
-
It is recommended upgrading to the latest available release from this page, since the encountered issue could be already fixed there.
-
It is recommended inspecting logs during troubleshooting, since they may contain useful information.
-
If VictoriaMetrics works slowly and eats more than a CPU core per 100K ingested data points per second, then it is likely you have too many active time series for the current amount of RAM. VictoriaMetrics exposes
vm_slow_*
metrics, which could be used as an indicator of low amounts of RAM. It is recommended increasing the amount of RAM on the node with VictoriaMetrics in order to improve ingestion and query performance in this case. Another option is to increase-memory.allowedPercent
command-line flag value. Be careful with this option, since too big value for-memory.allowedPercent
may result in high I/O usage. -
VictoriaMetrics requires free disk space for merging data files to bigger ones. It may slow down when there is no enough free space left. So make sure
-storageDataPath
directory has at least 20% of free space comparing to disk size. The remaining amount of free space can be monitored viavm_free_disk_space_bytes
metric. The total size of data stored on the disk can be monitored via sum ofvm_data_size_bytes
metrics. -
If VictoriaMetrics doesn't work because of certain parts are corrupted due to disk errors, then just remove directories with broken parts. This will recover VictoriaMetrics at the cost of data loss stored in the broken parts. In the future,
vmrecover
tool will be created for automatic recovering from such errors. -
If you see gaps on the graphs, try resetting the cache by sending request to
/internal/resetRollupResultCache
. If this removes gaps on the graphs, then it is likely data with timestamps older than-search.cacheTimestampOffset
is ingested into VictoriaMetrics. Make sure that data sources have synchronized time with VictoriaMetrics.If the gaps are related to irregular intervals between samples, then try adjusting
-search.minStalenessInterval
command-line flag to value close to the maximum interval between samples. -
If you are switching from InfluxDB or TimescaleDB, then take a look at
-search.maxStalenessInterval
command-line flag. It may be needed in order to suppress default gap filling algorithm used by VictoriaMetrics - by default it assumes each time series is continuous instead of discrete, so it fills gaps between real samples with regular intervals. -
Metrics and labels leading to high cardinality or high churn rate can be determined at
/api/v1/status/tsdb
page. See these docs for details. VictoriaMetrics accepts optionaldate=YYYY-MM-DD
andtopN=42
args on this page. By defaultdate
equals to the current date, whiletopN
equals to 10. -
VictoriaMetrics limits the number of labels per each metric with
-maxLabelsPerTimeseries
command-line flag. This prevents from ingesting metrics with too many labels. It is recommended monitoringvm_metrics_with_dropped_labels_total
metric in order to determine whether-maxLabelsPerTimeseries
must be adjusted for your workload.
Backfilling
VictoriaMetrics accepts historical data in arbitrary order of time via any supported ingestion method.
Make sure that configured -retentionPeriod
covers timestamps for the backfilled data.
It is recommended disabling query cache with -search.disableCache
command-line flag when writing
historical data with timestamps from the past, since the cache assumes that the data is written with
the current timestamps. Query cache can be enabled after the backfilling is complete.
An alternative solution is to query /internal/resetRollupResultCache
url after backfilling is complete. This will reset
the query cache, which could contain incomplete data cached during the backfilling.
Yet another solution is to increase -search.cacheTimestampOffset
flag value in order to disable caching
for data with timestamps close to the current time.
Replication
Single-node VictoriaMetrics doesn't support application-level replication. Use cluster version instead. See these docs for details.
Storage-level replication may be offloaded to durable persistent storage such as Google Cloud disks.
See also high availability docs and backup docs.
Backups
VictoriaMetrics supports backups via vmbackup
and vmrestore tools.
We also provide provide vmbackuper
tool for paid enterprise subscribers - see this issue for details.
Profiling
VictoriaMetrics provides handlers for collecting the following Go profiles:
- Memory profile. It can be collected with the following command:
curl -s http://<victoria-metrics-host>:8428/debug/pprof/heap > mem.pprof
- CPU profile. It can be collected with the following command:
curl -s http://<victoria-metrics-host>:8428/debug/pprof/profile > cpu.pprof
The command for collecting CPU profile waits for 30 seconds before returning.
The collected profiles may be analyzed with go tool pprof.
Integrations
- netdata can push data into VictoriaMetrics via
Prometheus remote_write API
. See these docs. - go-graphite/carbonapi can use VictoriaMetrics as time series backend. See this example.
- Ansible role for installing single-node VictoriaMetrics.
- Ansible role for installing cluster VictoriaMetrics.
Third-party contributions
- Unofficial yum repository (source code)
- Prometheus -> VictoriaMetrics exporter #1
- Prometheus -> VictoriaMetrics exporter #2
- Prometheus Oauth proxy - see this article for details.
Contacts
Contact us with any questions regarding VictoriaMetrics at info@victoriametrics.com.
Community and contributions
Feel free asking any questions regarding VictoriaMetrics:
If you like VictoriaMetrics and want to contribute, then we need the following:
- Filing issues and feature requests here.
- Spreading a word about VictoriaMetrics: conference talks, articles, comments, experience sharing with colleagues.
- Updating documentation.
We are open to third-party pull requests provided they follow KISS design principle:
- Prefer simple code and architecture.
- Avoid complex abstractions.
- Avoid magic code and fancy algorithms.
- Avoid big external dependencies.
- Minimize the number of moving parts in the distributed system.
- Avoid automated decisions, which may hurt cluster availability, consistency or performance.
Adhering KISS
principle simplifies the resulting code and architecture, so it can be reviewed, understood and verified by many people.
Reporting bugs
Report bugs and propose new features here.
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