VictoriaMetrics

VictoriaMetrics is fast, cost-effective and scalable time-series database. It can be used as long-term remote storage for Prometheus. It is available in binary releases, docker images and in source code. Just download VictoriaMetrics and see how to start it.

Cluster version is available here.

Case studies and talks

• Adidas
• COLOPL
• Wix.com
• Wedos.com
• Synthesio
• Dreamteam

Prominent features

• Supports Prometheus querying API, so it can be used as Prometheus drop-in replacement in Grafana. VictoriaMetrics implements MetricsQL query language, which is inspired by PromQL.
• Supports global query view. Multiple Prometheus instances may write data into VictoriaMetrics. Later this data may be used in a single query.
• High performance and good scalability for both inserts and selects. Outperforms InfluxDB and TimescaleDB by up to 20x.
• Uses 10x less RAM than InfluxDB when working with millions of unique time series (aka high cardinality).
• Optimized for time series with high churn rate. Think about prometheus-operator metrics from frequent deployments in Kubernetes.
• High data compression, so up to 70x more data points may be crammed into limited storage comparing to TimescaleDB.
• Optimized for storage with high-latency IO and low IOPS (HDD and network storage in AWS, Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, etc). See graphs from these benchmarks.
• A single-node VictoriaMetrics may substitute moderately sized clusters built with competing solutions such as Thanos, M3DB, Cortex, InfluxDB or TimescaleDB. See vertical scalability benchmarks, comparing Thanos to VictoriaMetrics cluster and Remote Write Storage Wars talk from PromCon 2019.
• Easy operation:
  • VictoriaMetrics consists of a single small executable without external dependencies.
  • All the configuration is done via explicit command-line flags with reasonable defaults.
  • All the data is stored in a single directory pointed by -storageDataPath flag.
  • Easy and fast backups from instant snapshots to S3 or GCS with vmbackup / vmrestore. See this article for more details.
• Storage is protected from corruption on unclean shutdown (i.e. OOM, hardware reset or kill -9) thanks to the storage architecture.
• Supports metrics' scraping, ingestion and backfilling via the following protocols:
  • Metrics from Prometheus exporters such as node_exporter. See these docs for details.
  • Prometheus remote write API
  • InfluxDB line protocol over HTTP, TCP and UDP.
  • Graphite plaintext protocol with tags if -graphiteListenAddr is set.
  • OpenTSDB put message if -opentsdbListenAddr is set.
  • HTTP OpenTSDB /api/put requests if -opentsdbHTTPListenAddr is set.
  • /api/v1/import.
  • Arbitrary CSV data.
• Ideally works with big amounts of time series data from Kubernetes, IoT sensors, connected cars, industrial telemetry, financial data and various Enterprise workloads.
• Has open source cluster version.
• See also technical Articles about VictoriaMetrics.

Operation

Table of contents

• How to start VictoriaMetrics
  • Environment variables
• Prometheus setup
• Grafana setup
• How to upgrade VictoriaMetrics
• How to apply new config to VictoriaMetrics
• How to scrape Prometheus exporters such as node_exporter
• How to send data from InfluxDB-compatible agents such as Telegraf
• How to send data from Graphite-compatible agents such as StatsD
• Querying Graphite data
• How to send data from OpenTSDB-compatible agents
• Prometheus querying API usage
• How to build from sources
  • Development build
  • Production build
  • ARM build
  • Pure Go build (CGO_ENABLED=0)
  • Building docker images
• Start with docker-compose
• Setting up service
• How to work with snapshots
• How to delete time series
• How to export time series
• How to import time series data
• Federation
• Capacity planning
• High availability
• Deduplication
• Retention
• Multiple retentions
• Downsampling
• Multi-tenancy
• Scalability and cluster version
• Alerting
• Security
• Tuning
• Monitoring
• Troubleshooting
• Backfilling
• Profiling
• Integrations
• Roadmap
• Contacts
• Community and contributions
• Third-party contributions
• Reporting bugs
• Victoria Metrics Logo
  • Logo Usage Guidelines
    • Font used
    • Color Palette
  • We kindly ask

How to start VictoriaMetrics

Just start VictoriaMetrics executable or docker image with the desired command-line flags.

The following command-line flags are used the most:

• -storageDataPath - path to data directory. VictoriaMetrics stores all the data in this directory. Default path is victoria-metrics-data in current working directory.
• -retentionPeriod - retention period in months for the data. Older data is automatically deleted. Default period is 1 month.
• -httpListenAddr - TCP address to listen to for http requests. By default, it listens port 8428 on all the network interfaces.

Pass -help to see all the available flags with description and default values.

It is recommended setting up monitoring for VictoriaMetrics.

Environment variables

Each flag values can be set thru environment variables by following these rules:

• The -envflag.enable flag must be set
• Each . in flag names must be substituted by _ (for example -insert.maxQueueDuration <duration> will translate to insert_maxQueueDuration=<duration>)
• For repeating flags, an alternative syntax can be used by joining the different values into one using , as separator (for example -storageNode <nodeA> -storageNode <nodeB> will translate to storageNode=<nodeA>,<nodeB>)

Prometheus setup

Prometheus must be configured with remote_write in order to send data to VictoriaMetrics. Add the following lines to Prometheus config file (it is usually located at /etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml):

remote_write:
  - url: http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/write

Substitute <victoriametrics-addr> with the hostname or IP address of VictoriaMetrics. Then apply the new config via the following command:

kill -HUP `pidof prometheus`

Prometheus writes incoming data to local storage and replicates it to remote storage in parallel. This means the data remains available in local storage for --storage.tsdb.retention.time duration even if remote storage is unavailable.

If you plan to send data to VictoriaMetrics from multiple Prometheus instances, then add the following lines into global section of Prometheus config:

global:
  external_labels:
    datacenter: dc-123

This instructs Prometheus to add datacenter=dc-123 label to each time series sent to remote storage. The label name may be arbitrary - datacenter is just an example. The label value must be unique across Prometheus instances, so those time series may be filtered and grouped by this label.

For highly loaded Prometheus instances (400k+ samples per second) the following tuning may be applied:

remote_write:
  - url: http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/write
    queue_config:
      max_samples_per_send: 10000
      capacity: 20000
      max_shards: 30

Using remote write increases memory usage for Prometheus up to ~25% and depends on the shape of data. If you are experiencing issues with too high memory consumption try to lower max_samples_per_send and capacity params (keep in mind that these two params are tightly connected). Read more about tuning remote write for Prometheus here.

It is recommended upgrading Prometheus to v2.12.0 or newer, since the previous versions may have issues with remote_write.

Grafana setup

Create Prometheus datasource in Grafana with the following Url:

http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428

Substitute <victoriametrics-addr> with the hostname or IP address of VictoriaMetrics.

Then build graphs with the created datasource using Prometheus query language. VictoriaMetrics supports native PromQL and extends it with useful features.

How to upgrade VictoriaMetrics

It is safe upgrading VictoriaMetrics to new versions unless release notes say otherwise. It is recommended performing regular upgrades to the latest version, since it may contain important bug fixes, performance optimizations or new features.

Follow the following steps during the upgrade:

1. Send SIGINT signal to VictoriaMetrics process in order to gracefully stop it.
2. Wait until the process stops. This can take a few seconds.
3. Start the upgraded VictoriaMetrics.

Prometheus doesn't drop data during VictoriaMetrics restart. See this article for details.

How to apply new config to VictoriaMetrics

VictoriaMetrics must be restarted for applying new config:

1. Send SIGINT signal to VictoriaMetrics process in order to gracefully stop it.
2. Wait until the process stops. This can take a few seconds.
3. Start VictoriaMetrics with the new config.

Prometheus doesn't drop data during VictoriaMetrics restart. See this article for details.

How to scrape Prometheus exporters such as node-exporter

VictoriaMetrics can be used as drop-in replacement for Prometheus for scraping targets configured in prometheus.yml config file according to the specification. Just set -promscrape.config command-line flag to the path to prometheus.yml config - and VictoriaMetrics should start scraping the configured targets. Currently the following scrape_config types are supported:

• static_config
• file_sd_config

In the future other *_sd_config types will be supported.

See also vmagent, which can be used as drop-in replacement for Prometheus.

How to send data from InfluxDB-compatible agents such as Telegraf

Just use http://<victoriametric-addr>:8428 url instead of InfluxDB url in agents' configs. For instance, put the following lines into Telegraf config, so it sends data to VictoriaMetrics instead of InfluxDB:

[[outputs.influxdb]]
  urls = ["http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428"]

Do not forget substituting <victoriametrics-addr> with the real address where VictoriaMetrics runs.

Another option is to enable TCP and UDP receiver for Influx line protocol via -influxListenAddr command-line flag.

VictoriaMetrics maps Influx data using the following rules:

• db query arg is mapped into db label value unless db tag exists in the Influx line.
• Field names are mapped to time series names prefixed with {measurement}{separator} value, where {separator} equals to _ by default. It can be changed with -influxMeasurementFieldSeparator command-line flag. See also -influxSkipSingleField command-line flag. If {measurement} is empty, then time series names correspond to field names.
• Field values are mapped to time series values.
• Tags are mapped to Prometheus labels as-is.

For example, the following Influx line:

foo,tag1=value1,tag2=value2 field1=12,field2=40

is converted into the following Prometheus data points:

foo_field1{tag1="value1", tag2="value2"} 12
foo_field2{tag1="value1", tag2="value2"} 40

Example for writing data with Influx line protocol to local VictoriaMetrics using curl:

curl -d 'measurement,tag1=value1,tag2=value2 field1=123,field2=1.23' -X POST 'http://localhost:8428/write'

An arbitrary number of lines delimited by '\n' may be sent in a single request. After that the data may be read via /api/v1/export endpoint:

curl -G 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export' -d 'match={__name__=~"measurement_.*"}'

The /api/v1/export endpoint should return the following response:

{"metric":{"__name__":"measurement_field1","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2"},"values":[123],"timestamps":[1560272508147]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"measurement_field2","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2"},"values":[1.23],"timestamps":[1560272508147]}

Note that Influx line protocol expects timestamps in nanoseconds by default, while VictoriaMetrics stores them with milliseconds precision.

How to send data from Graphite-compatible agents such as StatsD

1. Enable Graphite receiver in VictoriaMetrics by setting -graphiteListenAddr command line flag. For instance, the following command will enable Graphite receiver in VictoriaMetrics on TCP and UDP port 2003:

/path/to/victoria-metrics-prod -graphiteListenAddr=:2003

2. Use the configured address in Graphite-compatible agents. For instance, set graphiteHost to the VictoriaMetrics host in StatsD configs.

Example for writing data with Graphite plaintext protocol to local VictoriaMetrics using nc:

echo "foo.bar.baz;tag1=value1;tag2=value2 123 `date +%s`" | nc -N localhost 2003

VictoriaMetrics sets the current time if the timestamp is omitted. An arbitrary number of lines delimited by \n may be sent in one go. After that the data may be read via /api/v1/export endpoint:

curl -G 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export' -d 'match=foo.bar.baz'

The /api/v1/export endpoint should return the following response:

{"metric":{"__name__":"foo.bar.baz","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2"},"values":[123],"timestamps":[1560277406000]}

Querying Graphite data

Data sent to VictoriaMetrics via Graphite plaintext protocol may be read either via Prometheus querying API or via go-graphite/carbonapi.

How to send data from OpenTSDB-compatible agents

VictoriaMetrics supports telnet put protocol and HTTP /api/put requests for ingesting OpenTSDB data.

Sending data via telnet put protocol

1. Enable OpenTSDB receiver in VictoriaMetrics by setting -opentsdbListenAddr command line flag. For instance, the following command enables OpenTSDB receiver in VictoriaMetrics on TCP and UDP port 4242:

/path/to/victoria-metrics-prod -opentsdbListenAddr=:4242

2. Send data to the given address from OpenTSDB-compatible agents.

Example for writing data with OpenTSDB protocol to local VictoriaMetrics using nc:

echo "put foo.bar.baz `date +%s` 123 tag1=value1 tag2=value2" | nc -N localhost 4242

An arbitrary number of lines delimited by \n may be sent in one go. After that the data may be read via /api/v1/export endpoint:

curl -G 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export' -d 'match=foo.bar.baz'

The /api/v1/export endpoint should return the following response:

{"metric":{"__name__":"foo.bar.baz","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2"},"values":[123],"timestamps":[1560277292000]}

Sending OpenTSDB data via HTTP /api/put requests

1. Enable HTTP server for OpenTSDB /api/put requests by setting -opentsdbHTTPListenAddr command line flag. For instance, the following command enables OpenTSDB HTTP server on port 4242:

/path/to/victoria-metrics-prod -opentsdbHTTPListenAddr=:4242

2. Send data to the given address from OpenTSDB-compatible agents.

Example for writing a single data point:

curl -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"metric":"x.y.z","value":45.34,"tags":{"t1":"v1","t2":"v2"}}' http://localhost:4242/api/put

Example for writing multiple data points in a single request:

curl -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '[{"metric":"foo","value":45.34},{"metric":"bar","value":43}]' http://localhost:4242/api/put

After that the data may be read via /api/v1/export endpoint:

curl -G 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export' -d 'match[]=x.y.z' -d 'match[]=foo' -d 'match[]=bar'

The /api/v1/export endpoint should return the following response:

{"metric":{"__name__":"foo"},"values":[45.34],"timestamps":[1566464846000]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"bar"},"values":[43],"timestamps":[1566464846000]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"x.y.z","t1":"v1","t2":"v2"},"values":[45.34],"timestamps":[1566464763000]}

How to import CSV data

Arbitrary CSV data can be imported via /api/v1/import/csv. The CSV data is imported according to the provided format query arg. The format query arg must contain comma-separated list of parsing rules for CSV fields. Each rule consists of three parts delimited by a colon:

<column_pos>:<type>:<context>

• <column_pos> is the position of the CSV column (field). Column numbering starts from 1. The order of parsing rules may be arbitrary.
• <type> describes the column type. Supported types are:
  • metric - the corresponding CSV column at <column_pos> contains metric value. The metric name is read from the <context>. CSV line must have at least a single metric field.
  • label - the corresponding CSV column at <column_pos> contains label value. The label name is read from the <context>. CSV line may have arbitrary number of label fields. All these fields are attached to all the configured metrics.
  • time - the corresponding CSV column at <column_pos> contains metric time. CSV line may contain either one or zero columns with time. If CSV line has no time, then the current time is used. The time is applied to all the configured metrics. The format of the time is configured via <context>. Supported time formats are:
    • unix_s - unix timestamp in seconds.
    • unix_ms - unix timestamp in milliseconds.
    • unix_ns - unix timestamp in nanoseconds. Note that VictoriaMetrics rounds the timestamp to milliseconds.
    • rfc3339 - timestamp in RFC3339 format, i.e. 2006-01-02T15:04:05Z.
    • custom:<layout> - custom layout for the timestamp. The <layout> may contain arbitrary time layout according to time.Parse rules in Go.

Each request to /api/v1/import/csv can contain arbitrary number of CSV lines.

Example for importing CSV data via /api/v1/import/csv:

curl -d "GOOG,1.23,4.56,NYSE" 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/import/csv?format=2:metric:ask,3:metric:bid,1:label:ticker,4:label:market'
curl -d "MSFT,3.21,1.67,NASDAQ" 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/import/csv?format=2:metric:ask,3:metric:bid,1:label:ticker,4:label:market'

After that the data may be read via /api/v1/export endpoint:

curl -G 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export' -d 'match[]={ticker!=""}'

The following response should be returned:

{"metric":{"__name__":"bid","market":"NASDAQ","ticker":"MSFT"},"values":[1.67],"timestamps":[1583865146520]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"bid","market":"NYSE","ticker":"GOOG"},"values":[4.56],"timestamps":[1583865146495]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"ask","market":"NASDAQ","ticker":"MSFT"},"values":[3.21],"timestamps":[1583865146520]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"ask","market":"NYSE","ticker":"GOOG"},"values":[1.23],"timestamps":[1583865146495]}

Prometheus querying API usage

VictoriaMetrics supports the following handlers from Prometheus querying API:

• /api/v1/query
• /api/v1/query_range
• /api/v1/series
• /api/v1/labels
• /api/v1/label/.../values

These handlers can be queried from Prometheus-compatible clients such as Grafana or curl.

VictoriaMetrics accepts additional args for /api/v1/labels and /api/v1/label/.../values handlers. See this feature request for details:

• Any number time series selectors via match[] query arg.
• Optional start and end query args for limiting the time range for the selected labels or label values.

Additionally VictoriaMetrics provides the following handlers:

• /api/v1/series/count - it returns the total number of time series in the database. Note that this handler scans all the inverted index, so it can be slow if the database contains tens of millions of time series.
• /api/v1/labels/count - it returns a list of label: values_count entries. It can be used for determining labels with the maximum number of values.

How to build from sources

We recommend using either binary releases or docker images instead of building VictoriaMetrics from sources. Building from sources is reasonable when developing additional features specific to your needs.

Development build

1. Install Go. The minimum supported version is Go 1.12.
2. Run make victoria-metrics from the root folder of the repository. It builds victoria-metrics binary and puts it into the bin folder.

Production build

1. Install docker.
2. Run make victoria-metrics-prod from the root folder of the repository. It builds victoria-metrics-prod binary and puts it into the bin folder.

ARM build

ARM build may run on Raspberry Pi or on energy-efficient ARM servers.

Development ARM build

1. Install Go. The minimum supported version is Go 1.12.
2. Run make victoria-metrics-arm or make victoria-metrics-arm64 from the root folder of the repository. It builds victoria-metrics-arm or victoria-metrics-arm64 binary respectively and puts it into the bin folder.

Production ARM build

1. Install docker.
2. Run make victoria-metrics-arm-prod or make victoria-metrics-arm64-prod from the root folder of the repository. It builds victoria-metrics-arm-prod or victoria-metrics-arm64-prod binary respectively and puts it into the bin folder.

Pure Go build (CGO_ENABLED=0)

Pure Go mode builds only Go code without cgo dependencies. This is an experimental mode, which may result in a lower compression ratio and slower decompression performance. Use it with caution!

1. Install Go. The minimum supported version is Go 1.12.
2. Run make victoria-metrics-pure from the root folder of the repository. It builds victoria-metrics-pure binary and puts it into the bin folder.

Building docker images

Run make package-victoria-metrics. It builds victoriametrics/victoria-metrics:<PKG_TAG> docker image locally. <PKG_TAG> is auto-generated image tag, which depends on source code in the repository. The <PKG_TAG> may be manually set via PKG_TAG=foobar make package-victoria-metrics.

Start with docker-compose

Docker-compose helps to spin up VictoriaMetrics, Prometheus and Grafana with one command. More details may be found here.

Setting up service

Read these instructions on how to set up VictoriaMetrics as a service in your OS.

How to work with snapshots

VictoriaMetrics can create instant snapshots for all the data stored under -storageDataPath directory. Navigate to http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/snapshot/create in order to create an instant snapshot. The page will return the following JSON response:

{"status":"ok","snapshot":"<snapshot-name>"}

Snapshots are created under <-storageDataPath>/snapshots directory, where <-storageDataPath> is the command-line flag value. Snapshots can be archived to backup storage at any time with vmbackup.

The http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/snapshot/list page contains the list of available snapshots.

Navigate to http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/snapshot/delete?snapshot=<snapshot-name> in order to delete <snapshot-name> snapshot.

Navigate to http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/snapshot/delete_all in order to delete all the snapshots.

Steps for restoring from a snapshot:

1. Stop VictoriaMetrics with kill -INT.
2. Restore snapshot contents from backup with vmrestore to the directory pointed by -storageDataPath.
3. Start VictoriaMetrics.

How to delete time series

Send a request to http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/admin/tsdb/delete_series?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_delete>, where <timeseries_selector_for_delete> may contain any time series selector for metrics to delete. After that all the time series matching the given selector are deleted. Storage space for the deleted time series isn't freed instantly - it is freed during subsequent merges of data files.

It is recommended verifying which metrics will be deleted with the call to http://<victoria-metrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/series?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_delete> before actually deleting the metrics.

The delete API is intended mainly for the following cases:

• One-off deleting of accidentally written invalid (or undesired) time series.
• One-off deleting of user data due to GDPR.

It isn't recommended using delete API for the following cases, since it brings non-zero overhead:

• Regular cleanups for unneded data. Just prevent writing unneeded data into VictoriaMetrics. See this article for details.
• Reducing disk space usage by deleting unneded time series. This doesn't work as expected, since the deleted time series occupy disk space until the next merge operation, which can never occur.

It is better using -retentionPeriod command-line flag for efficient pruning of old data.

How to export time series

Send a request to http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/export?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_export>, where <timeseries_selector_for_export> may contain any time series selector for metrics to export. Use {__name__!=""} selector for fetching all the time series. The response would contain all the data for the selected time series in JSON streaming format. Each JSON line would contain data for a single time series. An example output:

{"metric":{"__name__":"up","job":"node_exporter","instance":"localhost:9100"},"values":[0,0,0],"timestamps":[1549891472010,1549891487724,1549891503438]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"up","job":"prometheus","instance":"localhost:9090"},"values":[1,1,1],"timestamps":[1549891461511,1549891476511,1549891491511]}

Optional start and end args may be added to the request in order to limit the time frame for the exported data. These args may contain either unix timestamp in seconds or RFC3339 values.

Optional max_rows_per_line arg may be added to the request in order to limit the maximum number of rows exported per each JSON line. By default each JSON line contains all the rows for a single time series.

Pass Accept-Encoding: gzip HTTP header in the request to /api/v1/export in order to reduce network bandwidth during exporing big amounts of time series data. This enables gzip compression for the exported data. Example for exporting gzipped data:

curl -H 'Accept-Encoding: gzip' http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export -d 'match[]={__name__!=""}' > data.jsonl.gz

The maximum duration for each request to /api/v1/export is limited by -search.maxExportDuration command-line flag.

Exported data can be imported via POST'ing it to /api/v1/import.

How to import time series data

Time series data can be imported via any supported ingestion protocol:

• Prometheus remote_write API
• Influx line protocol
• Graphite plaintext protocol
• OpenTSDB telnet put protocol
• OpenTSDB http /api/put
• /api/v1/import http POST handler, which accepts data from /api/v1/export.
• /api/v1/import/csv http POST handler, which accepts CSV data. See these docs for details.

The most efficient protocol for importing data into VictoriaMetrics is /api/v1/import. Example for importing data obtained via /api/v1/export:

# Export the data from <source-victoriametrics>:
curl http://source-victoriametrics:8428/api/v1/export -d 'match={__name__!=""}' > exported_data.jsonl

# Import the data to <destination-victoriametrics>:
curl -X POST http://destination-victoriametrics:8428/api/v1/import -T exported_data.jsonl

Pass Content-Encoding: gzip HTTP request header to /api/v1/import for importing gzipped data:

# Export gzipped data from <source-victoriametrics>:
curl -H 'Accept-Encoding: gzip' http://source-victoriametrics:8428/api/v1/export -d 'match={__name__!=""}' > exported_data.jsonl.gz

# Import gzipped data to <destination-victoriametrics>:
curl -X POST -H 'Content-Encoding: gzip' http://destination-victoriametrics:8428/api/v1/import -T exported_data.jsonl.gz

Each request to /api/v1/import can load up to a single vCPU core on VictoriaMetrics. Import speed can be improved by splitting the original file into smaller parts and importing them concurrently. Note that the original file must be split on newlines.

Federation

VictoriaMetrics exports Prometheus-compatible federation data at http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/federate?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_federation>.

Optional start and end args may be added to the request in order to scrape the last point for each selected time series on the [start ... end] interval. start and end may contain either unix timestamp in seconds or RFC3339 values. By default, the last point on the interval [now - max_lookback ... now] is scraped for each time series. The default value for max_lookback is 5m (5 minutes), but it can be overridden. For instance, /federate?match[]=up&max_lookback=1h would return last points on the [now - 1h ... now] interval. This may be useful for time series federation with scrape intervals exceeding 5m.

Capacity planning

A rough estimation of the required resources for ingestion path:

• RAM size: less than 1KB per active time series. So, ~1GB of RAM is required for 1M active time series. Time series is considered active if new data points have been added to it recently or if it has been recently queried. The number of active time series may be obtained from vm_cache_entries{type="storage/hour_metric_ids"} metric exported on the /metrics page. VictoriaMetrics stores various caches in RAM. Memory size for these caches may be limited by -memory.allowedPercent flag.

• CPU cores: a CPU core per 300K inserted data points per second. So, ~4 CPU cores are required for processing the insert stream of 1M data points per second. The ingestion rate may be lower for high cardinality data or for time series with high number of labels. See this article for details. If you see lower numbers per CPU core, then it is likely active time series info doesn't fit caches, so you need more RAM for lowering CPU usage.

• Storage space: less than a byte per data point on average. So, ~260GB is required for storing a month-long insert stream of 100K data points per second. The actual storage size heavily depends on data randomness (entropy). Higher randomness means higher storage size requirements. Read this article for details.

• Network usage: outbound traffic is negligible. Ingress traffic is ~100 bytes per ingested data point via Prometheus remote_write API. The actual ingress bandwidth usage depends on the average number of labels per ingested metric and the average size of label values. The higher number of per-metric labels and longer label values mean the higher ingress bandwidth.

The required resources for query path:

• RAM size: depends on the number of time series to scan in each query and the step argument passed to /api/v1/query_range. The higher number of scanned time series and lower step argument results in the higher RAM usage.

• CPU cores: a CPU core per 30 millions of scanned data points per second.

• Network usage: depends on the frequency and the type of incoming requests. Typical Grafana dashboards usually require negligible network bandwidth.

High availability

1. Install multiple VictoriaMetrics instances in distinct datacenters (availability zones).
2. Add addresses of these instances to remote_write section in Prometheus config:

remote_write:
  - url: http://<victoriametrics-addr-1>:8428/api/v1/write
    queue_config:
      max_samples_per_send: 10000
  # ...
  - url: http://<victoriametrics-addr-N>:8428/api/v1/write
    queue_config:
      max_samples_per_send: 10000

3. Apply the updated config:

kill -HUP `pidof prometheus`

4. Now Prometheus should write data into all the configured remote_write urls in parallel.
5. Set up Promxy in front of all the VictoriaMetrics replicas.
6. Set up Prometheus datasource in Grafana that points to Promxy.

If you have Prometheus HA pairs with replicas r1 and r2 in each pair, then configure each r1 to write data to victoriametrics-addr-1, while each r2 should write data to victoriametrics-addr-2.

Another option is to write data simultaneously from Prometheus HA pair to a pair of VictoriaMetrics instances with the enabled de-duplication. See this section for details.

Deduplication

VictoriaMetrics de-duplicates data points if -dedup.minScrapeInterval command-line flag is set to positive duration. For example, -dedup.minScrapeInterval=60s would de-duplicate data points on the same time series if they are located closer than 60s to each other. The de-duplication reduces disk space usage if multiple identically configured Prometheus instances in HA pair write data to the same VictoriaMetrics instance. Note that these Prometheus instances must have identical external_labels section in their configs, so they write data to the same time series.

Retention

Retention is configured with -retentionPeriod command-line flag. For instance, -retentionPeriod=3 means that the data will be stored for 3 months and then deleted. Data is split in per-month subdirectories inside <-storageDataPath>/data/small and <-storageDataPath>/data/big folders. Directories for months outside the configured retention are deleted on the first day of new month. In order to keep data according to -retentionPeriod max disk space usage is going to be -retentionPeriod + 1 month. For example if -retentionPeriod is set to 1, data for January is deleted on March 1st.

Multiple retentions

Just start multiple VictoriaMetrics instances with distinct values for the following flags:

• -retentionPeriod
• -storageDataPath, so the data for each retention period is saved in a separate directory
• -httpListenAddr, so clients may reach VictoriaMetrics instance with proper retention

Downsampling

There is no downsampling support at the moment, but:

• VictoriaMetrics is optimized for querying big amounts of raw data. See benchmark results for heavy queries in this article.
• VictoriaMetrics has good compression for on-disk data. See this article for details.

These properties reduce the need of downsampling. We plan to implement downsampling in the future. See this issue for details.

Multi-tenancy

Single-node VictoriaMetrics doesn't support multi-tenancy. Use cluster version instead.

Scalability and cluster version

Though single-node VictoriaMetrics cannot scale to multiple nodes, it is optimized for resource usage - storage size / bandwidth / IOPS, RAM, CPU. This means that a single-node VictoriaMetrics may scale vertically and substitute a moderately sized cluster built with competing solutions such as Thanos, Uber M3, InfluxDB or TimescaleDB. See vertical scalability benchmarks.

So try single-node VictoriaMetrics at first and then switch to cluster version if you still need horizontally scalable long-term remote storage for really large Prometheus deployments. Contact us for paid support.

Alerting

VictoriaMetrics doesn't support rule evaluation and alerting yet, so these actions can be performed at the following places:

• At Prometheus - see the corresponding docs.
• At Promxy - see the corresponding docs.
• At Grafana - see the corresponding docs.

Security

Do not forget protecting sensitive endpoints in VictoriaMetrics when exposing it to untrusted networks such as the internet. Consider setting the following command-line flags:

• -tls, -tlsCertFile and -tlsKeyFile for switching from HTTP to HTTPS.
• -httpAuth.username and -httpAuth.password for protecting all the HTTP endpoints with HTTP Basic Authentication.
• -deleteAuthKey for protecting /api/v1/admin/tsdb/delete_series endpoint. See how to delete time series.
• -snapshotAuthKey for protecting /snapshot* endpoints. See how to work with snapshots.

Explicitly set internal network interface for TCP and UDP ports for data ingestion with Graphite and OpenTSDB formats. For example, substitute -graphiteListenAddr=:2003 with -graphiteListenAddr=<internal_iface_ip>:2003.

Tuning

• There is no need for VictoriaMetrics tuning since it uses reasonable defaults for command-line flags, which are automatically adjusted for the available CPU and RAM resources.
• There is no need for Operating System tuning since VictoriaMetrics is optimized for default OS settings. The only option is increasing the limit on the number of open files in the OS, so Prometheus instances could establish more connections to VictoriaMetrics.
• The recommended filesystem is ext4, the recommended persistent storage is persistent HDD-based disk on GCP, since it is protected from hardware failures via internal replication and it can be resized on the fly. If you plan to store more than 1TB of data on ext4 partition or plan extending it to more than 16TB, then the following options are recommended to pass to mkfs.ext4:

mkfs.ext4 ... -O 64bit,huge_file,extent -T huge

Monitoring

VictoriaMetrics exports internal metrics in Prometheus format at /metrics page. These metrics may be collected via Prometheus by adding the corresponding scrape config to it. Alternatively they can be self-scraped by setting -selfScrapeInterval command-line flag to duration greater than 0. For example, -selfScrapeInterval=10s would enable self-scraping of /metrics page with 10 seconds interval.

There are officials Grafana dashboards for single-node VictoriaMetrics and clustered VictoriaMetrics.

The most interesting metrics are:

• vm_cache_entries{type="storage/hour_metric_ids"} - the number of time series with new data points during the last hour aka active time series.
• rate(vm_new_timeseries_created_total[5m]) - time series churn rate.
• vm_rows{type="indexdb"} - the number of rows in inverted index. High value for this number usually mean high churn rate for time series.
• Sum of vm_rows{type="storage/big"} and vm_rows{type="storage/small"} - total number of (timestamp, value) data points in the database.
• Sum of all the vm_cache_size_bytes metrics - the total size of all the caches in the database.
• vm_allowed_memory_bytes - the maximum allowed size for caches in the database. It is calculated as system_memory * <-memory.allowedPercent> / 100, where system_memory is the amount of system memory and -memory.allowedPercent is the corresponding flag value.
• vm_rows_inserted_total - the total number of inserted rows since VictoriaMetrics start.

Troubleshooting

• It is recommended to use default command-line flag values (i.e. don't set them explicitly) until the need of tweaking these flag values arises.

• If VictoriaMetrics works slowly and eats more than a CPU core per 100K ingested data points per second, then it is likely you have too many active time series for the current amount of RAM. It is recommended increasing the amount of RAM on the node with VictoriaMetrics in order to improve ingestion performance. Another option is to increase -memory.allowedPercent command-line flag value. Be careful with this option, since too big value for -memory.allowedPercent may result in high I/O usage.

• VictoriaMetrics requires free disk space for merging data files to bigger ones. It may slow down when there is no enough free space left. So make sure -storageDataPath directory has at least 20% of free space comparing to disk size.

• If VictoriaMetrics doesn't work because of certain parts are corrupted due to disk errors, then just remove directories with broken parts. This will recover VictoriaMetrics at the cost of data loss stored in the broken parts. In the future, vmrecover tool will be created for automatic recovering from such errors.

• If you see gaps on the graphs, try resetting the cache by sending request to /internal/resetRollupResultCache. If this removes gaps on the graphs, then it is likely data with timestamps older than -search.cacheTimestampOffset is ingested into VictoriaMetrics. Make sure that data sources have synchronized time with VictoriaMetrics.

Backfilling

VictoriaMetrics accepts historical data in arbitrary order of time. Make sure that configured -retentionPeriod covers timestamps for the backfilled data.

It is recommended disabling query cache with -search.disableCache command-line flag when writing historical data with timestamps from the past, since the cache assumes that the data is written with the current timestamps. Query cache can be enabled after the backfilling is complete.

An alternative solution is to query /internal/resetRollupResultCache url after backfilling is complete. This will reset the query cache, which could contain incomplete data cached during the backfilling.

Yet another solution is to increase -search.cacheTimestampOffset flag value in order to disable caching for data with timestamps close to the current time.

Profiling

VictoriaMetrics provides handlers for collecting the following Go profiles:

• Memory profile. It can be collected with the following command:

curl -s http://<victoria-metrics-host>:8428/debug/pprof/heap > mem.pprof

• CPU profile. It can be collected with the following command:

curl -s http://<victoria-metrics-host>:8428/debug/pprof/profile > cpu.pprof

The command for collecting CPU profile waits for 30 seconds before returning.

The collected profiles may be analyzed with go tool pprof.

Integrations

• netdata can push data into VictoriaMetrics via Prometheus remote_write API. See these docs.
• go-graphite/carbonapi can use VictoriaMetrics as time series backend. See this example.
• Ansible role for installing VictoriaMetrics.

Roadmap

• Replication #118
• Support of Object Storages (GCS, S3, Azure Storage) #38
• Data downsampling #36
• Alert Manager Integration #119
• CLI tool for data migration, re-balancing and adding/removing nodes #103

The discussion happens here. Feel free to comment on any item or add you own one.

Contacts

Contact us with any questions regarding VictoriaMetrics at info@victoriametrics.com.

Community and contributions

Feel free asking any questions regarding VictoriaMetrics:

• slack
• reddit
• telegram-en
• telegram-ru
• google groups

If you like VictoriaMetrics and want to contribute, then we need the following:

• Filing issues and feature requests here.
• Spreading a word about VictoriaMetrics: conference talks, articles, comments, experience sharing with colleagues.
• Updating documentation.

We are open to third-party pull requests provided they follow KISS design principle:

• Prefer simple code and architecture.
• Avoid complex abstractions.
• Avoid magic code and fancy algorithms.
• Avoid big external dependencies.
• Minimize the number of moving parts in the distributed system.
• Avoid automated decisions, which may hurt cluster availability, consistency or performance.

Adhering KISS principle simplifies the resulting code and architecture, so it can be reviewed, understood and verified by many people.

Third-party contributions

• Unofficial yum repository (source code)
• Prometheus -> VictoriaMetrics exporter #1
• Prometheus -> VictoriaMetrics exporter #2
• Prometheus Oauth proxy - see this article for details.

Reporting bugs

Report bugs and propose new features here.

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