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VictoriaMetrics/README.md
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[![Latest Release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics.svg?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest)
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<img text-align="center" alt="Victoria Metrics" src="logo.png">
## Single-node VictoriaMetrics
VictoriaMetrics is fast, cost-effective and scalable time series database. It can be used as a long-term remote storage for Prometheus.
It is available in [binary releases](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases),
[docker images](https://hub.docker.com/r/valyala/victoria-metrics/) and
in [source code](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics).
Cluster version is available [here](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/tree/cluster).
## Prominent features
* Supports [Prometheus querying API](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/api/), so it can be used as Prometheus drop-in replacement in Grafana.
Additionally, VictoriaMetrics extends PromQL with opt-in [useful features](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/wiki/ExtendedPromQL).
* High performance and good scalability for both [inserts](https://medium.com/@valyala/high-cardinality-tsdb-benchmarks-victoriametrics-vs-timescaledb-vs-influxdb-13e6ee64dd6b)
and [selects](https://medium.com/@valyala/when-size-matters-benchmarking-victoriametrics-vs-timescale-and-influxdb-6035811952d4).
[Outperforms InfluxDB and TimescaleDB by up to 20x](https://medium.com/@valyala/measuring-vertical-scalability-for-time-series-databases-in-google-cloud-92550d78d8ae).
* [Uses 10x less RAM than InfluxDB](https://medium.com/@valyala/insert-benchmarks-with-inch-influxdb-vs-victoriametrics-e31a41ae2893) when working with millions of unique time series (aka high cardinality).
* High data compression, so [up to 70x more data points](https://medium.com/@valyala/when-size-matters-benchmarking-victoriametrics-vs-timescale-and-influxdb-6035811952d4)
may be crammed into a limited storage comparing to TimescaleDB.
* Optimized for storage with high-latency IO and low iops (HDD and network storage in AWS, Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, etc). See [graphs from these benchmarks](https://medium.com/@valyala/high-cardinality-tsdb-benchmarks-victoriametrics-vs-timescaledb-vs-influxdb-13e6ee64dd6b).
* A single-node VictoriaMetrics may substitute moderately sized clusters built with competing solutions such as Thanos, Uber M3, Cortex, InfluxDB or TimescaleDB.
See [vertical scalability benchmarks](https://medium.com/@valyala/measuring-vertical-scalability-for-time-series-databases-in-google-cloud-92550d78d8ae).
* Easy operation:
* VictoriaMetrics consists of a single executable without external dependencies.
* All the configuration is done via explicit command-line flags with reasonable defaults.
* All the data is stored in a single directory pointed by `-storageDataPath` flag.
* Easy backups from [instant snapshots](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282).
* Storage is protected from corruption on unclean shutdown (i.e. hardware reset or `kill -9`) thanks to [the storage architecture](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282).
* Supports metrics' ingestion and backfilling via the following protocols:
* [Prometheus remote write API](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/configuration/configuration/#remote_write)
* [InfluxDB line protocol](https://docs.influxdata.com/influxdb/v1.7/write_protocols/line_protocol_tutorial/)
* [Graphite plaintext protocol](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/latest/feeding-carbon.html) with [tags](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tags.html#carbon)
if `-graphiteListenAddr` is set.
* [OpenTSDB put message](http://opentsdb.net/docs/build/html/api_telnet/put.html) if `-opentsdbListenAddr` is set.
* Ideally works with big amounts of time series data from Kubernetes, IoT sensors, connected cars and industrial telemetry.
* Has open source [cluster version](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/tree/cluster).
## Operation
### Table of contents
* [How to build from sources](#how-to-build-from-sources)
* [How to start VictoriaMetrics](#how-to-start-victoriametrics)
* [Setting up service](#setting-up-service)
* [Third-party contributions](#third-party-contributions)
* [Prometheus setup](#prometheus-setup)
* [Grafana setup](#grafana-setup)
* [How to send data from InfluxDB-compatible agents such as Telegraf](#how-to-send-data-from-influxdb-compatible-agents-such-as-telegraf)
* [How to send data from Graphite-compatible agents such as StatsD](#how-to-send-data-from-graphite-compatible-agents-such-as-statsd)
* [How to send data from OpenTSDB-compatible agents](#how-to-send-data-from-opentsdb-compatible-agents)
* [How to apply new config / ugrade VictoriaMetrics](#how-to-apply-new-config--upgrade-victoriametrics)
* [How to work with snapshots](#how-to-work-with-snapshots)
* [How to delete time series](#how-to-delete-time-series)
* [How to export time series](#how-to-export-time-series)
* [Federation](#federation)
* [Capacity planning](#capacity-planning)
* [High Availability](#high-availability)
* [Multiple retentions](#multiple-retentions)
* [Scalability and cluster version](#scalability-and-cluster-version)
* [Security](#security)
* [Tuning](#tuning)
* [Monitoring](#monitoring)
* [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting)
* [Contacts](#contacts)
* [Community and contributions](#community-and-contributions)
* [Reporting bugs](#reporting-bugs)
### How to build from sources
We recommend using either [binary releases](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases) or
[docker images](https://hub.docker.com/r/valyala/victoria-metrics/) instead of building VictoriaMetrics
from sources. Building from sources is reasonable when developing an additional features specific
to your needs.
#### Development build
1. [Install Go](https://golang.org/doc/install). The minimum supported version is Go 1.12.
2. Run `make victoria-metrics` from the root folder of the repository.
It will build `victoria-metrics` binary and put it into the `bin` folder.
#### Production build
1. [Install docker](https://docs.docker.com/install/).
2. Run `make victoria-metrics-prod` from the root folder of the repository.
It will build `victoria-metrics-prod` binary and put it into the `bin` folder.
#### Building docker images
Run `make package-victoria-metrics`. It will build `valyala/victoria-metrics:<PKG_TAG>` docker image locally.
`<PKG_TAG>` is auto-generated image tag, which depends on source code in the repository.
The `<PKG_TAG>` may be manually set via `PKG_TAG=foobar make package-victoria-metrics`.
### How to start VictoriaMetrics
Just start VictoriaMetrics executable or docker image with the desired command-line flags.
The following command line flags are used the most:
* `-storageDataPath` - path to data directory. VictoriaMetrics stores all the data in this directory.
* `-retentionPeriod` - retention period in months for the data. Older data is automatically deleted.
* `-httpListenAddr` - TCP address to listen to for http requests. By default it listens port `8428` on all the network interfaces.
* `-graphiteListenAddr` - TCP and UDP address to listen to for Graphite data. By default it is disabled.
* `-opentsdbListenAddr` - TCP and UDP address to listen to for OpenTSDB data. By default it is disabled.
Pass `-help` to see all the available flags with description and default values.
### Setting up service
Read [these instructions](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/43) on how to set up VictoriaMetrics as a service in your OS.
### Third-party contributions
* [Unofficial yum repository](https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/antonpatsev/VictoriaMetrics/) ([source code](https://github.com/patsevanton/VictoriaMetrics))
### Prometheus setup
Add the following lines to Prometheus config file (it is usually located at `/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml`):
```yml
remote_write:
- url: http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/write
queue_config:
max_samples_per_send: 10000
```
Substitute `<victoriametrics-addr>` with the hostname or IP address of VictoriaMetrics.
Then apply the new config via the following command:
```
kill -HUP `pidof prometheus`
```
Prometheus writes incoming data to local storage and to remote storage in parallel.
This means the data remains available in local storage for `--storage.tsdb.retention.time` duration
if remote storage stops working.
If you plan sending data to VictoriaMetrics from multiple Prometheus instances, then add the following lines into `global` section
of [Prometheus config](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/configuration/configuration/#configuration-file):
```yml
global:
external_labels:
datacenter: dc-123
```
This instructs Prometheus to add `datacenter=dc-123` label to each time series sent to remote storage.
The label name may be arbitrary - `datacenter` is just an example. The label value must be unique
across Prometheus instances, so time series may be filtered and grouped by this label.
### Grafana setup
Create [Prometheus datasource](http://docs.grafana.org/features/datasources/prometheus/) in Grafana with the following Url:
```
http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428
```
Substitute `<victoriametrics-addr>` with the hostname or IP address of VictoriaMetrics.
Then build graphs with the created datasource using [Prometheus query language](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/).
VictoriaMetrics supports native PromQL and [extends it with useful features](ExtendedPromQL).
### How to send data from InfluxDB-compatible agents such as [Telegraf](https://www.influxdata.com/time-series-platform/telegraf/)?
Just use `http://<victoriametric-addr>:8428` url instead of InfluxDB url in agents' configs.
For instance, put the following lines into `Telegraf` config, so it sends data to VictoriaMetrics instead of InfluxDB:
```
[[outputs.influxdb]]
urls = ["http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428"]
```
Do not forget substituting `<victoriametrics-addr>` with the real address where VictoriaMetrics runs.
VictoriaMetrics maps Influx data using the following rules:
* [`db` query arg](https://docs.influxdata.com/influxdb/v1.7/tools/api/#write-http-endpoint) is mapped into `db` label value
* Field names are mapped to time series names prefixed by `{measurement}.` value
* Field values are mapped to time series values
* Tags are mapped to Prometheus labels as-is
### How to send data from Graphite-compatible agents such as [StatsD](https://github.com/etsy/statsd)?
1) Enable Graphite receiver in VictoriaMetrics by setting `-graphiteListenAddr` command line flag. For instance,
the following command will enable Graphite receiver in VictoriaMetrics on TCP and UDP port `2003`:
```
/path/to/victoria-metrics-prod ... -graphiteListenAddr=:2003
```
2) Use the configured address in Graphite-compatible agents. For instance, set `graphiteHost`
to the VictoriaMetrics host in `StatsD` configs.
### How to send data from OpenTSDB-compatible agents?
1) Enable OpenTSDB receiver in VictoriaMetrics by setting `-opentsdbListenAddr` command line flag. For instance,
the following command will enable OpenTSDB receiver in VictoriaMetrics on TCP and UDP port `4242`:
```
/path/to/victoria-metrics-prod ... -opentsdbListenAddr=:4242
```
2) Send data to the given address from OpenTSDB-compatible agents.
### How to apply new config / upgrade VictoriaMetrics?
VictoriaMetrics must be restarted in order to upgrade or apply new config:
1) Send `SIGINT` signal to VictoriaMetrics process in order to gracefully stop it.
2) Wait until the process stops. This can take a few seconds.
3) Start the upgraded VictoriaMetrics with new config.
### How to work with snapshots?
VictoriaMetrics is able to create [instant snapshots](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282)
for all the data stored under `-storageDataPath` directory.
Navigate to `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/snapshot/create` in order to create an instant snapshot.
The page will return the following JSON response:
```
{"status":"ok","snapshot":"<snapshot-name>"}
```
Snapshots are created under `<-storageDataPath>/snapshots` directory, where `<-storageDataPath>`
is the command-line flag value. Snapshots can be archived to backup storage via `cp -L`, `rsync -L`, `scp -r`
or any similar tool that follows symlinks during copying.
The `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/snapshot/list` page contains the list of available snapshots.
Navigate to `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/snapshot/delete?snapshot=<snapshot-name>` in order
to delete `<snapshot-name>` snapshot.
Navigate to `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/snapshot/delete_all` in order to delete all the snapshots.
Steps for restoring from a snapshot:
1. Stop VictoriaMetrics with `kill -INT`.
2. Remove the entire contents of the directory pointed by `-storageDataPath` command-line flag.
3. Copy snapshot contents to the directory pointed by `-storageDataPath`.
4. Start VictoriaMetrics.
### How to delete time series?
Send a request to `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/admin/tsdb/delete_series?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_delete>`,
where `<timeseries_selector_for_delete>` may contain any [time series selector](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/#time-series-selectors)
for metrics to delete. After that all the time series matching the given selector are deleted. Storage space for
the deleted time series isn't freed instantly - it is freed during subsequent merges of data files.
### How to export time series?
Send a request to `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/export?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_export>`,
where `<timeseries_selector_for_export>` may contain any [time series selector](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/#time-series-selectors)
for metrics to export. The response would contain all the data for the selected time series in [JSON streaming format](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_streaming#Line-delimited_JSON).
Each JSON line would contain data for a single time series. An example output:
```
{"metric":{"__name__":"up","job":"node_exporter","instance":"localhost:9100"},"values":[0,0,0],"timestamps":[1549891472010,1549891487724,1549891503438]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"up","job":"prometheus","instance":"localhost:9090"},"values":[1,1,1],"timestamps":[1549891461511,1549891476511,1549891491511]}
```
Optional `start` and `end` args may be added to the request in order to limit the time frame for the exported data. These args may contain either
unix timestamp in seconds or [RFC3339](https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3339.txt) values.
### Federation
VictoriaMetrics exports [Prometheus-compatible federation data](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/federation/)
at `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/federate?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_federation>`.
Optional `start` and `end` args may be added to the request in order to scrape the last point for each selected time series on the `[start ... end]` interval.
`start` and `end` may contain either unix timestamp in seconds or [RFC3339](https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3339.txt) values. By default the last point
on the interval `[now - max_lookback ... now]` is scraped for each time series. Default value for `max_lookback` is `5m` (5 minutes), but can be overridden.
For instance, `/federate?match[]=up&max_lookback=1h` would return last points on the `[now - 1h ... now]` interval. This may be useful for time series federation
with scrape intervals exceeding `5m`.
### Capacity planning
Rough estimation of the required resources:
* RAM size: less than 1KB per active time series. So, ~1GB of RAM is required for 1M active time series.
Time series is considered active if new data points have been added to it recently or if it has been recently queried.
VictoriaMetrics stores various caches in RAM. Memory size for these caches may be limited with `-memory.allowedPercent` flag.
* CPU cores: a CPU core per 300K inserted data points per second. So, ~4 CPU cores are required for processing
the insert stream of 1M data points per second.
If you see lower numbers per CPU core, then it is likely active time series info doesn't fit caches,
so you need more RAM for lowering CPU usage.
* Storage size: less than a byte per data point on average. So, ~260GB is required for storing a month-long insert stream
of 100K data points per second.
The actual storage size heavily depends on data randomness (entropy). Higher randomness means higher storage size requirements.
### High availability
1) Install multiple VictoriaMetrics instances in distinct datacenters.
2) Add addresses of these instances to `remote_write` section in Prometheus config:
```yml
remote_write:
- url: http://<victoriametrics-addr-1>:8428/api/v1/write
queue_config:
max_samples_per_send: 10000
# ...
- url: http://<victoriametrics-addr-N>:8428/api/v1/write
queue_config:
max_samples_per_send: 10000
```
3) Apply the updated config:
```
kill -HUP `pidof prometheus`
```
4) Now Prometheus should write data into all the configured `remote_write` urls in parallel.
5) Set up [Promxy](https://github.com/jacksontj/promxy) in front of all the VictoriaMetrics replicas.
6) Set up Prometheus datasource in Grafana that points to Promxy.
### Multiple retentions
Just start multiple VictoriaMetrics instances with distinct values for the following flags:
* `-retentionPeriod`
* `-storageDataPath`, so the data for each retention period is saved in a separate directory
* `-httpListenAddr`, so clients may reach VictoriaMetrics instance with proper retention
### Scalability and cluster version
Though single-node VictoriaMetrics cannot scale to multiple nodes, it is optimized for resource usage - storage size / bandwidth / IOPS, RAM, CPU.
This means that a single-node VictoriaMetrics may scale vertically and substitute moderately sized cluster built with competing solutions
such as Thanos, Uber M3, InfluxDB or TimescaleDB.
So try single-node VictoriaMetrics at first and then [switch to cluster version](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/tree/cluster) if you still need
horizontally scalable long-term remote storage for really large Prometheus deployments.
[Contact us](mailto:info@victoriametrics.com) for paid support.
### Security
Do not forget protecting sensitive endpoints in VictoriaMetrics when exposing it to untrusted networks such as internet.
Consider setting the following command-line flags:
* `-tls`, `-tlsCertFile` and `-tlsKeyFile` for switching from HTTP to HTTPS.
* `-httpAuth.username` and `-httpAuth.password` for protecting all the HTTP endpoints
with [HTTP Basic Authentication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_access_authentication).
* `-deleteAuthKey` for protecting `/api/v1/admin/tsdb/delete_series` endpoint. See [how to delete time series](#how-to-delete-time-series).
* `-snapshotAuthKey` for protecting `/snapshot*` endpoints. See [how to work with snapshots](#how-to-work-with-snapshots).
Explicitly set internal network interface for TCP and UDP ports for data ingestion with Graphite and OpenTSDB formats.
For example, substitute `-graphiteListenAddr=:2003` with `-graphiteListenAddr=<internal_iface_ip>:2003`.
### Tuning
* There is no need in VictoriaMetrics tuning, since it uses reasonable defaults for command-line flags,
which are automatically adjusted for the available CPU and RAM resources.
* There is no need in Operating System tuning, since VictoriaMetrics is optimized for default OS settings.
The only option is increasing the limit on [the number open files in the OS](https://medium.com/@muhammadtriwibowo/set-permanently-ulimit-n-open-files-in-ubuntu-4d61064429a),
so Prometheus instances could establish more connections to VictoriaMetrics.
### Monitoring
VictoriaMetrics exports internal metrics in Prometheus format on the `/metrics` page.
Add this page to Prometheus' scrape config in order to collect VictoriaMetrics metrics.
There is [an official Grafana dashboard for single-node VictoriaMetrics](https://grafana.com/dashboards/10229).
### Troubleshooting
* If VictoriaMetrics works slowly and eats more than a CPU core per 100K ingested data points per second,
then it is likely you have too many active time series for the current amount of RAM.
It is recommended increasing the amount of RAM on the node with VictoriaMetrics in order to improve
ingestion performance.
Another option is to increase `-memory.allowedPercent` command-line flag value. Be careful with this
option, since too big value for `-memory.allowedPercent` may result in high I/O usage.
## Contacts
Contact us with any questions regarding VictoriaMetrics at [info@victoriametrics.com](mailto:info@victoriametrics.com).
## Community and contributions
Feel free asking any questions regarding VictoriaMetrics:
- [telergam-en](https://t.me/VictoriaMetrics_en)
- [telergam-ru](https://t.me/VictoriaMetrics_ru1)
- [google groups](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/victorametrics-users)
We are open to third-party pull requests provided they follow [KISS design principle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KISS_principle):
- Prefer simple code and architecture.
- Avoid complex abstractions.
- Avoid magic code and fancy algorithms.
- Avoid [big external dependencies](https://medium.com/@valyala/stripping-dependency-bloat-in-victoriametrics-docker-image-983fb5912b0d).
- Minimize the number of moving parts in the distributed system.
- Avoid automated decisions, which may hurt cluster availability, consistency or performance.
Adhering `KISS` principle simplifies the resulting code and architecture, so it can be reviewed, understood and verified by many people.
## Reporting bugs
Report bugs and propose new features [here](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues).
## Victoria Metrics Logo
[Zip](VM_logo.zip) contains three folders with different image orientation (main color and inverted version).
Files included in each folder:
* 2 JPEG Preview files
* 2 PNG Preview files with transparent background
* 2 EPS Adobe Illustrator EPS10 files
### Logo Usage Guidelines
#### Font used:
* Lato Black
* Lato Regular
#### Color Palette:
* HEX [#110f0f](https://www.color-hex.com/color/110f0f)
* HEX [#ffffff](https://www.color-hex.com/color/ffffff)
### We kindly ask:
- Please don't use any other font instead of suggested.
- There should be sufficient clear space around the logo.
- Do not change spacing, alignment, or relative locations of the design elements.
- Do not change the proportions of any of the design elements or the design itself. You may resize as needed but must retain all proportions.
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