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VictoriaMetrics/docs/VictoriaLogs/data-ingestion/README.md
Aliaksandr Valialkin 4d27933041
app/vlinsert: support _time field without timezone information during data ingestion 
Use local timezone of the host server in this case. The timezone can be overridden
with TZ environment variable if needed.

While at it, allow using whitespace instead of T as a delimiter between data and time
in the ingested _time field. For example, '2024-09-20 10:20:30' is now accepted
during data ingestion. This is valid ISO8601 format, which is used by some log shippers,
so it should be supported. This format is also known as SQL datetime format.

Also assume local time zone when time without timezone information is passed to querying APIs.
Previously such a time was parsed in UTC timezone. Add `Z` to the end of the time string
if the old behaviour is preferred.

Updates https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/6721
2024-09-26 12:50:14 +02:00

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[VictoriaLogs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/) can accept logs from the following log collectors:
- Syslog, Rsyslog and Syslog-ng - see [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/syslog/).
- Filebeat - see [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/filebeat/).
- Fluentbit - see [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/fluentbit/).
- Logstash - see [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/logstash/).
- Vector - see [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/vector/).
- Promtail (aka Grafana Loki) - see [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/promtail/).
- Telegraf - see [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/telegraf/).
- OpenTelemetry Collector - see [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/opentelemetry/).
The ingested logs can be queried according to [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/querying/).
See also:
- [Log collectors and data ingestion formats](#log-collectors-and-data-ingestion-formats).
- [Data ingestion troubleshooting](#troubleshooting).
## HTTP APIs
VictoriaLogs supports the following data ingestion HTTP APIs:
- Elasticsearch bulk API. See [these docs](#elasticsearch-bulk-api).
- JSON stream API aka [ndjson](https://jsonlines.org/). See [these docs](#json-stream-api).
- Loki JSON API. See [these docs](#loki-json-api).
- OpenTelemetry API. See [these docs](#opentelemetry-api).
VictoriaLogs accepts optional [HTTP parameters](#http-parameters) at data ingestion HTTP APIs.
### Elasticsearch bulk API
VictoriaLogs accepts logs in [Elasticsearch bulk API](https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/docs-bulk.html)
/ [OpenSearch Bulk API](http://opensearch.org/docs/1.2/opensearch/rest-api/document-apis/bulk/) format
at `http://localhost:9428/insert/elasticsearch/_bulk` endpoint.
The following command pushes a single log line to VictoriaLogs:
```sh
echo '{"create":{}}
{"_msg":"cannot open file","_time":"0","host.name":"host123"}
' | curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' --data-binary @- http://localhost:9428/insert/elasticsearch/_bulk
```
It is possible to push thousands of log lines in a single request to this API.
If the [timestamp field](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#time-field) is set to `"0"`,
then the current timestamp at VictoriaLogs side is used per each ingested log line.
Otherwise the timestamp field must be in the [ISO8601](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601) or [RFC3339](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3339) format.
For example, `2023-06-20T15:32:10Z` or `2023-06-20 15:32:10.123456789+02:00`.
If timezone information is missing (for example, `2023-06-20 15:32:10`), then the time is parsed in the local timezone of the host where VictoriaLogs runs.
See [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#data-model) for details on fields,
which must be present in the ingested log messages.
The API accepts various http parameters, which can change the data ingestion behavior - [these docs](#http-parameters) for details.
The following command verifies that the data has been successfully ingested to VictoriaLogs by [querying](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/querying/) it:
```sh
curl http://localhost:9428/select/logsql/query -d 'query=host.name:host123'
```
The command should return the following response:
```sh
{"_msg":"cannot open file","_stream":"{}","_time":"2023-06-21T04:24:24Z","host.name":"host123"}
```
The response by default contains all the [log fields](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#data-model).
See [how to query specific fields](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/logsql/#querying-specific-fields).
The duration of requests to `/insert/elasticsearch/_bulk` can be monitored with `vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/elasticsearch/_bulk"}` metric.
See also:
- [How to debug data ingestion](#troubleshooting).
- [HTTP parameters, which can be passed to the API](#http-parameters).
- [How to query VictoriaLogs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/querying/).
### JSON stream API
VictoriaLogs accepts JSON line stream aka [ndjson](https://jsonlines.org/) at `http://localhost:9428/insert/jsonline` endpoint.
The following command pushes multiple log lines to VictoriaLogs:
```sh
echo '{ "log": { "level": "info", "message": "hello world" }, "date": "0", "stream": "stream1" }
{ "log": { "level": "error", "message": "oh no!" }, "date": "0", "stream": "stream1" }
{ "log": { "level": "info", "message": "hello world" }, "date": "0", "stream": "stream2" }
' | curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/stream+json' --data-binary @- \
'http://localhost:9428/insert/jsonline?_stream_fields=stream&_time_field=date&_msg_field=log.message'
```
It is possible to push unlimited number of log lines in a single request to this API.
If the [timestamp field](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#time-field) is set to `"0"`,
then the current timestamp at VictoriaLogs side is used per each ingested log line.
Otherwise the timestamp field must be in the [ISO8601](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601) or [RFC3339](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3339) format.
For example, `2023-06-20T15:32:10Z` or `2023-06-20 15:32:10.123456789+02:00`.
If timezone information is missing (for example, `2023-06-20 15:32:10`), then the time is parsed in the local timezone of the host where VictoriaLogs runs.
See [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#data-model) for details on fields,
which must be present in the ingested log messages.
The API accepts various http parameters, which can change the data ingestion behavior - [these docs](#http-parameters) for details.
The following command verifies that the data has been successfully ingested into VictoriaLogs by [querying](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/querying/) it:
```sh
curl http://localhost:9428/select/logsql/query -d 'query=log.level:*'
```
The command should return the following response:
```sh
{"_msg":"hello world","_stream":"{stream=\"stream2\"}","_time":"2023-06-20T13:35:11.56789Z","log.level":"info"}
{"_msg":"hello world","_stream":"{stream=\"stream1\"}","_time":"2023-06-20T15:31:23Z","log.level":"info"}
{"_msg":"oh no!","_stream":"{stream=\"stream1\"}","_time":"2023-06-20T15:32:10.567Z","log.level":"error"}
```
The response by default contains all the [log fields](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#data-model).
See [how to query specific fields](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/logsql/#querying-specific-fields).
The duration of requests to `/insert/jsonline` can be monitored with `vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/jsonline"}` metric.
See also:
- [How to debug data ingestion](#troubleshooting).
- [HTTP parameters, which can be passed to the API](#http-parameters).
- [How to query VictoriaLogs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/querying/).
### Loki JSON API
VictoriaLogs accepts logs in [Loki JSON API](https://grafana.com/docs/loki/latest/api/#push-log-entries-to-loki) format at `http://localhost:9428/insert/loki/api/v1/push` endpoint.
The following command pushes a single log line to Loki JSON API at VictoriaLogs:
```sh
curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -XPOST "http://localhost:9428/insert/loki/api/v1/push?_stream_fields=instance,job" --data-raw \
'{"streams": [{ "stream": { "instance": "host123", "job": "app42" }, "values": [ [ "0", "foo fizzbuzz bar" ] ] }]}'
```
It is possible to push thousands of log streams and log lines in a single request to this API.
The API accepts various http parameters, which can change the data ingestion behavior - [these docs](#http-parameters) for details.
There is no need in specifying `_msg_field` and `_time_field` query args, since VictoriaLogs automatically extracts log message and timestamp from the ingested Loki data.
The following command verifies that the data has been successfully ingested into VictoriaLogs by [querying](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/querying/) it:
```sh
curl http://localhost:9428/select/logsql/query -d 'query=fizzbuzz'
```
The command should return the following response:
```sh
{"_msg":"foo fizzbuzz bar","_stream":"{instance=\"host123\",job=\"app42\"}","_time":"2023-07-20T23:01:19.288676497Z"}
```
The response by default contains all the [log fields](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#data-model).
See [how to query specific fields](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/logsql/#querying-specific-fields).
The duration of requests to `/insert/loki/api/v1/push` can be monitored with `vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/loki/api/v1/push"}` metric.
See also:
- [How to debug data ingestion](#troubleshooting).
- [HTTP parameters, which can be passed to the API](#http-parameters).
- [How to query VictoriaLogs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/querying/).
### HTTP parameters
VictoriaLogs accepts the following configuration parameters via [HTTP Headers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields) or URL [Query string](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_string) at [data ingestion HTTP APIs](#http-apis).
First defined parameter is used. [Query string](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_string) parameters have priority over HTTP Headers.
#### HTTP Query string parameters
List of supported [Query string](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_string) parameters:
- `_msg_field` - it must contain the name of the [log field](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#data-model)
with the [log message](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#message-field) generated by the log shipper.
This is usually the `message` field for Filebeat and Logstash.
If the `_msg_field` parameter isn't set, then VictoriaLogs reads the log message from the `_msg` field.
- `_time_field` - it must contain the name of the [log field](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#data-model)
with the [log timestamp](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#time-field) generated by the log shipper.
This is usually the `@timestamp` field for Filebeat and Logstash.
If the `_time_field` parameter isn't set, then VictoriaLogs reads the timestamp from the `_time` field.
If this field doesn't exist, then the current timestamp is used.
- `_stream_fields` - it should contain comma-separated list of [log field](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#data-model) names,
which uniquely identify every [log stream](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#stream-fields) collected the log shipper.
If the `_stream_fields` parameter isn't set, then all the ingested logs are written to default log stream - `{}`.
- `ignore_fields` - this parameter may contain the list of [log field](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#data-model) names,
which must be ignored during data ingestion.
- `debug` - if this parameter is set to `1`, then the ingested logs aren't stored in VictoriaLogs. Instead,
the ingested data is logged by VictoriaLogs, so it can be investigated later.
See also [HTTP headers](#http-headers).
#### HTTP headers
List of supported [HTTP Headers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields) parameters:
- `AccountID` - may contain the needed accountID of tenant to ingest data to. See [multitenancy docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/#multitenancy) for details.
- `ProjectID`- may contain the projectID needed of tenant to ingest data to. See [multitenancy docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/#multitenancy) for details.
VictoriaLogs accepts optional `AccountID` and `ProjectID` headers at [data ingestion HTTP APIs](#http-apis).
- `VL-Msg-Field` - it must contain the name of the [log field](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#data-model)
with the [log message](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#message-field) generated by the log shipper.
This is usually the `message` field for Filebeat and Logstash.
If the `VL-Msg-Field` header isn't set, then VictoriaLogs reads the log message from the `_msg` field.
- `VL-Time-Field` - it must contain the name of the [log field](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#data-model)
with the [log timestamp](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#time-field) generated by the log shipper.
This is usually the `@timestamp` field for Filebeat and Logstash.
If the `VL-Time-Field` header isn't set, then VictoriaLogs reads the timestamp from the `_time` field.
If this field doesn't exist, then the current timestamp is used.
- `VL-Stream-Fields` - it should contain comma-separated list of [log field](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#data-model) names,
which uniquely identify every [log stream](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#stream-fields) collected the log shipper.
If the `VL-Stream-Fields` header isn't set, then all the ingested logs are written to default log stream - `{}`.
- `VL-Ignore-Fields` - this parameter may contain the list of [log field](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#data-model) names,
which must be ignored during data ingestion.
- `VL-Debug` - if this parameter is set to `1`, then the ingested logs aren't stored in VictoriaLogs. Instead,
the ingested data is logged by VictoriaLogs, so it can be investigated later.
See also [HTTP Query string parameters](#http-query-string-parameters).
## Troubleshooting
The following command can be used for verifying whether the data is successfully ingested into VictoriaLogs:
```sh
curl http://localhost:9428/select/logsql/query -d 'query=*' | head
```
This command selects all the data ingested into VictoriaLogs via [HTTP query API](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/querying/#http-api)
using [any value filter](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/logsql/#any-value-filter),
while `head` cancels query execution after reading the first 10 log lines. See [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/querying/#command-line)
for more details on how `head` integrates with VictoriaLogs.
The response by default contains all the [log fields](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#data-model).
See [how to query specific fields](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/logsql/#querying-specific-fields).
VictoriaLogs provides the following command-line flags, which can help debugging data ingestion issues:
- `-logNewStreams` - if this flag is passed to VictoriaLogs, then it logs all the newly
registered [log streams](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#stream-fields).
This may help debugging [high cardinality issues](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#high-cardinality).
- `-logIngestedRows` - if this flag is passed to VictoriaLogs, then it logs all the ingested
[log entries](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#data-model).
See also `debug` [parameter](#http-parameters).
VictoriaLogs exposes various [metrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/#monitoring), which may help debugging data ingestion issues:
- `vl_rows_ingested_total` - the number of ingested [log entries](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#data-model)
since the last VictoriaLogs restart. If this number increases over time, then logs are successfully ingested into VictoriaLogs.
The ingested logs can be inspected in the following ways:
- By passing `debug=1` parameter to every request to [data ingestion APIs](#http-apis). The ingested rows aren't stored in VictoriaLogs
in this case. Instead, they are logged, so they can be investigated later.
The `vl_rows_dropped_total` [metric](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/#monitoring) is incremented for each logged row.
- By passing `-logIngestedRows` command-line flag to VictoriaLogs. In this case it logs all the ingested data, so it can be investigated later.
- `vl_streams_created_total` - the number of created [log streams](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#stream-fields)
since the last VictoriaLogs restart. If this metric grows rapidly during extended periods of time, then this may lead
to [high cardinality issues](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#high-cardinality).
The newly created log streams can be inspected in logs by passing `-logNewStreams` command-line flag to VictoriaLogs.
## Log collectors and data ingestion formats
Here is the list of log collectors and their ingestion formats supported by VictoriaLogs:
| How to setup the collector | Format: Elasticsearch | Format: JSON Stream | Format: Loki | Format: syslog | Format: OpenTelemetry |
|----------------------------|-----------------------|---------------------|--------------|----------------|-----------------------|
| [Rsyslog](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/syslog/) | [Yes](https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/configuration/modules/omelasticsearch.html) | No | No | [Yes](https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/configuration/modules/omfwd.html) | No |
| [Syslog-ng](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/filebeat/) | Yes, [v1](https://support.oneidentity.com/technical-documents/syslog-ng-open-source-edition/3.16/administration-guide/28#TOPIC-956489), [v2](https://support.oneidentity.com/technical-documents/doc/syslog-ng-open-source-edition/3.16/administration-guide/29#TOPIC-956494) | No | No | [Yes](https://support.oneidentity.com/technical-documents/doc/syslog-ng-open-source-edition/3.16/administration-guide/44#TOPIC-956553) | No |
| [Filebeat](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/filebeat/) | [Yes](https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/beats/filebeat/current/elasticsearch-output.html) | No | No | No | No |
| [Fluentbit](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/fluentbit/) | No | [Yes](https://docs.fluentbit.io/manual/pipeline/outputs/http) | [Yes](https://docs.fluentbit.io/manual/pipeline/outputs/loki) | [Yes](https://docs.fluentbit.io/manual/pipeline/outputs/syslog) | [Yes](https://docs.fluentbit.io/manual/pipeline/outputs/opentelemetry) |
| [Logstash](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/logstash/) | [Yes](https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/logstash/current/plugins-outputs-elasticsearch.html) | No | No | [Yes](https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/logstash/current/plugins-outputs-syslog.html) | [Yes](https://github.com/paulgrav/logstash-output-opentelemetry) |
| [Vector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/vector/) | [Yes](https://vector.dev/docs/reference/configuration/sinks/elasticsearch/) | [Yes](https://vector.dev/docs/reference/configuration/sinks/http/) | [Yes](https://vector.dev/docs/reference/configuration/sinks/loki/) | No | [Yes](https://vector.dev/docs/reference/configuration/sources/opentelemetry/) |
| [Promtail](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/promtail/) | No | No | [Yes](https://grafana.com/docs/loki/latest/clients/promtail/configuration/#clients) | No | No |
| [OpenTelemetry Collector](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/collector/) | [Yes](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector-contrib/tree/main/exporter/elasticsearchexporter) | No | [Yes](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector-contrib/tree/main/exporter/lokiexporter) | [Yes](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector-contrib/blob/main/exporter/syslogexporter) | [Yes](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector/tree/main/exporter/otlphttpexporter) |
| [Telegraf](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/telegraf/) | [Yes](https://github.com/influxdata/telegraf/tree/master/plugins/outputs/elasticsearch) | [Yes](https://github.com/influxdata/telegraf/tree/master/plugins/outputs/http) | [Yes](https://github.com/influxdata/telegraf/tree/master/plugins/outputs/loki) | [Yes](https://github.com/influxdata/telegraf/blob/master/plugins/outputs/syslog) | Yes |
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