VictoriaMetrics/docs/Troubleshooting.md

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# Troubleshooting

This document contains troubleshooting guides for most common issues when working with VictoriaMetrics:

- [Unexpected query results](#unexpected-query-results)
- [Slow data ingestion](#slow-data-ingestion)
- [Slow queries](#slow-queries)
- [Out of memory errors](#out-of-memory-errors)
- [Cluster instability](#cluster-instability)
- [Monitoring](#monitoring)

## Unexpected query results

If you see unexpected or unreliable query results from VictoriaMetrics, then try the following steps:

1. Check whether simplified queries return unexpected results. For example, if the query looks like
  `sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) by (job)`, then check whether the following queries return
   expected results:

   - Remove the outer `sum` and execute `rate(http_requests_total[5m])`,
     since aggregations could hide some missing series, gaps in data or anomalies in existing series.
     If this query returns too many time series, then try adding more specific label filters to it. 
     For example, if you see that the original query returns unexpected results for the `job="foo"`, 
     then use `rate(http_requests_total{job="foo"}[5m])` query.
     If this isn't enough, then continue adding more specific label filters, so the resulting query returns
     manageable number of time series.

   - Remove the outer `rate` and execute `http_requests_total`. Additional label filters may be added here in order
     to reduce the number of returned series.

   Sometimes the query may be improperly constructed, so it returns unexpected results.
   It is recommended reading and understanding [MetricsQL docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/MetricsQL.html),
   especially [subqueries](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/MetricsQL.html#subqueries)
   and [rollup functions](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/MetricsQL.html#rollup-functions) sections.

2. If the simplest query continues returning unexpected / unreliable results, then try verifying correctness
   of raw unprocessed samples for this query via [/api/v1/export](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#how-to-export-data-in-json-line-format)
   on the given `[start..end]` time range and check whether they are expected:

   ```console
   single-node: curl http://victoriametrics:8428/api/v1/export -d 'match[]=http_requests_total' -d 'start=...' -d 'end=...'
   
   cluster: curl http://<vmselect>:8481/select/<tenantID>/prometheus/api/v1/export -d 'match[]=http_requests_total' -d 'start=...' -d 'end=...'
   ```
   Note that responses returned from [/api/v1/query](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#instant-query)
   and from [/api/v1/query_range](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyConcepts.html#range-query) contain **evaluated** data
   instead of raw samples stored in VictoriaMetrics. See [these docs](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/#staleness)
   for details.

   If you migrate from InfluxDB, then pass `-search.setLookbackToStep` command-line flag to single-node VictoriaMetrics
   or to `vmselect` in VictoriaMetrics cluster. See also [how to migrate from InfluxDB to VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/guides/migrate-from-influx.html).

3. Sometimes response caching may lead to unexpected results when samples with older timestamps
   are ingested into VictoriaMetrics (aka [backfilling](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#backfilling)).
   Try disabling response cache and see whether this helps. This can be done in the following ways:

   - By passing `-search.disableCache` command-line flag to a single-node VictoriaMetrics
     or to all the `vmselect` components if cluster version of VictoriaMetrics is used.

   - By passing `nocache=1` query arg to every request to `/api/v1/query` and `/api/v1/query_range`.
     If you use Grafana, then this query arg can be specified in `Custom Query Parameters` field
     at Prometheus datasource settings - see [these docs](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/datasources/prometheus/) for details.

4. If you use cluster version of VictoriaMetrics, then it may return partial responses by default
   when some of `vmstorage` nodes are temporarily unavailable - see [cluster availability docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Cluster-VictoriaMetrics.html#cluster-availability)
   for details. If you want prioritizing query consistency over cluster availability,
   then you can pass `-search.denyPartialResponse` command-line flag to all the `vmselect` nodes.
   In this case VictoriaMetrics returns an error during querying if at least a single `vmstorage` node is unavailable.
   Another option is to pass `deny_partial_response=1` query arg to `/api/v1/query` and `/api/v1/query_range`.
   If you use Grafana, then this query arg can be specified in `Custom Query Parameters` field
   at Prometheus datasource settings - see [these docs](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/datasources/prometheus/) for details.

5. If you pass `-replicationFactor` command-line flag to `vmselect`, then it is recommended removing this flag from `vmselect`,
   since it may lead to incomplete responses when `vmstorage` nodes contain less than `-replicationFactor`
   copies of the requested data.

6. Try upgrading to the [latest available version of VictoriaMetrics](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases)
   and verifying whether the issue is fixed there.

7. Try executing the query with `trace=1` query arg. This enables query tracing, which may contain
   useful information on why the query returns unexpected data. See [query tracing docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#query-tracing) for details.

8. Inspect command-line flags passed to VictoriaMetrics components. If you don't understand clearly the purpose
   or the effect of some flags, then remove them from the list of flags passed to VictoriaMetrics components,
   because some command-line flags may change query results in unexpected ways when set to improper values.
   VictoriaMetrics is optimized for running with default flag values (e.g. when they aren't set explicitly).

9. If the steps above didn't help identifying the root cause of unexpected query results,
   then [file a bugreport](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/new) with details on how to reproduce the issue.


## Slow data ingestion

There are the following most commons reasons for slow data ingestion in VictoriaMetrics:

1. Memory shortage for the given amounts of [active time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-an-active-time-series).

   VictoriaMetrics (or `vmstorage` in cluster version of VictoriaMetrics) maintains an in-memory cache
   for quick search for internal series ids per each incoming metric.
   This cache is named `storage/tsid`. VictoriaMetrics automatically determines the maximum size for this cache
   depending on the available memory on the host where VictoriaMetrics (or `vmstorage`) runs. If the cache size isn't enough
   for holding all the entries for active time series, then VictoriaMetrics locates the needed data on disk,
   unpacks it, re-constructs the missing entry and puts it into the cache. This takes additional CPU time and disk read IO.

   The [official Grafana dashboards for VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#monitoring)
   contain `Slow inserts` graph, which shows the cache miss percentage for `storage/tsid` cache
   during data ingestion. If `slow inserts` graph shows values greater than 5% for more than 10 minutes,
   then it is likely the current number of [active time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-an-active-time-series)
   cannot fit the `storage/tsid` cache.

   There are the following solutions exist for this issue:

   - To increase the available memory on the host where VictoriaMetrics runs until `slow inserts` percentage
     will become lower than 5%. If you run VictoriaMetrics cluster, then you need increasing total available
     memory at `vmstorage` nodes. This can be done in two ways: either to increase the available memory
     per each existing `vmstorage` node or to add more `vmstorage` nodes to the cluster.

   - To reduce the number of active time series. The [official Grafana dashboards for VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#monitoring)
     contain a graph showing the number of active time series. Recent versions of VictoriaMetrics
     provide [cardinality explorer](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#cardinality-explorer),
     which can help determining and fixing the source of [high cardinality](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-high-cardinality).

2. [High churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-high-churn-rate),
   e.g. when old time series are substituted with new time series at a high rate.
   When VictoriaMetrics encounters a sample for new time series, it needs to register the time series
   in the internal index (aka `indexdb`), so it can be quickly located on subsequent select queries.
   The process of registering new time series in the internal index is an order of magnitude slower
   than the process of adding new sample to already registered time series.
   So VictoriaMetrics may work slower than expected under [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-high-churn-rate).

   The [official Grafana dashboards for VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#monitoring)
   provides `Churn rate` graph, which shows the average number of new time series registered
   during the last 24 hours. If this number exceeds the number of [active time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-an-active-time-series),
   then you need to identify and fix the source of [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/FAQ.html#what-is-high-churn-rate).
   The most commons source of high churn rate is a label, which frequently changes its value. Try avoiding such labels.
   The [cardinality explorer](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#cardinality-explorer) can help identifying
   such labels.

3. Resource shortage. The [official Grafana dashboards for VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#monitoring)
   contain `resource usage` graphs, which show memory usage, CPU usage, disk IO usage and free disk size.
   Make sure VictoriaMetrics has enough free resources for graceful handling of potential spikes in workload
   according to the following recommendations:

   - 50% of free CPU
   - 50% of free memory
   - 20% of free disk space

   If VictoriaMetrics components have lower amounts of free resources, then this may lead
   to **significant** performance degradation after workload increases slightly.
   For example:

   - If the percentage of free CPU is close to 0, then VictoriaMetrics
     may experience arbitrary long delays during data ingestion when it cannot keep up
     with slightly increased data ingestion rate.

   - If the percentage of free memory reaches 0, then the Operating System where VictoriaMetrics components run,
     may have no enough memory for [page cache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_cache).
     VictoriaMetrics relies on page cache for quick queries over recently ingested data.
     If the operating system has no enough free memory for page cache, then it needs
     to re-read the requested data from disk. This may **significantly** increase disk read IO
     and slow down both queries and data ingestion.

   - If free disk space is lower than 20%, then VictoriaMetrics is unable to perform optimal
     background merge of the incoming data. This leads to increased number of data files on disk,
     which, in turn, slows down both data ingestion and querying. See [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#storage) for details.

4. If you run cluster version of VictoriaMetrics, then make sure `vminsert` and `vmstorage` components
   are located in the same network with small network latency between them.
   `vminsert` packs incoming data into batch packets and sends them to `vmstorage` on-by-one.
   It waits until `vmstorage` returns back `ack` response before sending the next packet.
   If the network latency between `vminsert` and `vmstorage` is high (for example, if they run in different datacenters),
   then this may become limiting factor for data ingestion speed.

   The [official Grafana dashboard for cluster version of VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Cluster-VictoriaMetrics.html#monitoring)
   contain `connection saturation` graph for `vminsert` components. If this graph reaches 100% (1s),
   then it is likely you have issues with network latency between `vminsert` and `vmstorage`.
   Another possible issue for 100% connection saturation between `vminsert` and `vmstorage`
   is resource shortage at `vmstorage` nodes. In this case you need to increase amounts
   of available resources (CPU, RAM, disk IO) at `vmstorage` nodes or to add more `vmstorage` nodes to the cluster.

5. Noisy neighbor. Make sure VictoriaMetrics components run in an envirnoments without other resource-hungry apps.
   Such apps may steal RAM, CPU, disk IO and network bandwidth, which is needed for VictoriaMetrics components.
   Issues like this are very hard to catch via [official Grafana dashboard for cluster version of VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Cluster-VictoriaMetrics.html#monitoring)
   and proper diagnosis would require checking resource usage on the instances where VictoriaMetrics runs.

6. If you see `TooHighSlowInsertsRate` [alert](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#monitoring) when single-node VictoriaMetrics or `vmstorage` has enough
   free CPU and RAM, then increase `-cacheExpireDuration` command-line flag at single-node VictoriaMetrics or at `vmstorage` to the value,
   which exceeds the interval between ingested samples for the same time series (aka `scrape_interval`).
   See [this comment](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/3976#issuecomment-1476883183) for more details.

## Slow queries

Some queries may take more time and resources (CPU, RAM, network bandwidth) than others.
VictoriaMetrics logs slow queries if their execution time exceeds the duration passed
to `-search.logSlowQueryDuration` command-line flag (5s by default).
VictoriaMetrics also provides `/api/v1/status/top_queries` endpoint, which returns
queries that took the most time to execute.
See [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#prometheus-querying-api-enhancements) for details.

There are the following solutions exist for slow queries:

- Adding more CPU and memory to VictoriaMetrics, so it may perform the slow query faster.
  If you use cluster version of VictoriaMetrics, then migration of `vmselect` nodes to machines
  with more CPU and RAM should help improving speed for slow queries. Query performance
  is always limited by resources of one vmselect which processes the query. For example, if 2vCPU cores on `vmselect`
  isn't enough to process query fast enough, then migrating `vmselect` to a machine with 4vCPU cores should increase heavy query performance by up to 2x.
  If the line on `Concurrent select` graph form the [official Grafana dashboard for VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Cluster-VictoriaMetrics.html#monitoring)
  is close to the limit, then prefer adding more `vmselect` nodes to the cluster.
  Sometimes adding more `vmstorage` nodes also can help improving the speed for slow queries.

- Rewriting slow queries, so they become faster. Unfortunately it is hard determining
  whether the given query is slow by just looking at it.
  VictoriaMetrics provides [query tracing](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#query-tracing) feature,
  which can help determine the source of slow query.
  See also [this article](https://valyala.medium.com/how-to-optimize-promql-and-metricsql-queries-85a1b75bf986),
  which explains how to determine and optimize slow queries.

  In practice many slow queries are generated because of improper use of [subqueries](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/MetricsQL.html#subqueries).
  It is recommended avoiding subqueries if you don't understand clearly how they work.
  It is easy to create a subquery without knowing about it.
  For example, `rate(sum(some_metric))` is implicitly transformed into the following subquery
  according to [implicit conversion rules for MetricsQL queries](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/MetricsQL.html#implicit-query-conversions):

  ```metricsql
  rate(
    sum(
      default_rollup(some_metric[1i])
    )[1i:1i]
  )
  ```

  It is likely this query won't return the expected results. Instead, `sum(rate(some_metric))` must be used instead.
  See [this article](https://www.robustperception.io/rate-then-sum-never-sum-then-rate/) for more details.


## Out of memory errors

There are the following most common sources of out of memory (aka OOM) crashes in VictoriaMetrics:

1. Improper command-line flag values. Inspect command-line flags passed to VictoriaMetrics components.
   If you don't understand clearly the purpose or the effect of some flags - remove them
   from the list of flags passed to VictoriaMetrics components. Improper command-line flags values
   may lead to increased memory and CPU usage. The increased memory usage increases chances for OOM crashes.
   VictoriaMetrics is optimized for running with default flag values (e.g. when they aren't set explicitly).

   For example, it isn't recommended tuning cache sizes in VictoriaMetrics, since it frequently leads to OOM exceptions.
   [These docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#cache-tuning) refer command-line flags, which aren't
   recommended to tune. If you see that VictoriaMetrics needs increasing some cache sizes for the current workload,
   then it is better migrating to a host with more memory instead of trying to tune cache sizes manually.

2. Unexpected heavy queries. The query is considered as heavy if it needs to select and process millions of unique time series.
   Such query may lead to OOM exception, since VictoriaMetrics needs to keep some of per-series data in memory.
   VictoriaMetrics provides [various settings](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#resource-usage-limits), 
   which can help limit resource usage.
   For more context, see [How to optimize PromQL and MetricsQL queries](https://valyala.medium.com/how-to-optimize-promql-and-metricsql-queries-85a1b75bf986).
   VictoriaMetrics also provides [query tracer](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#query-tracing) 
   to help identify the source of heavy query.

3. Lack of free memory for processing workload spikes. If VictoriaMetrics components use almost all the available memory
   under the current workload, then it is recommended migrating to a host with bigger amounts of memory.
   This would protect from possible OOM crashes on workload spikes. It is recommended to have at least 50%
   of free memory for graceful handling of possible workload spikes.
   See [capacity planning for single-node VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#capacity-planning)
   and [capacity planning for cluster version of VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Cluster-VictoriaMetrics.html#capacity-planning).


## Cluster instability

VictoriaMetrics cluster may become unstable if there is no enough free resources (CPU, RAM, disk IO, network bandwidth)
for processing the current workload.

The most common sources of cluster instability are:

- Workload spikes. For example, if the number of active time series increases by 2x while
  the cluster has no enough free resources for processing the increased workload,
  then it may become unstable.
  VictoriaMetrics provides various configuration settings, which can be used for limiting unexpected workload spikes.
  See [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Cluster-VictoriaMetrics.html#resource-usage-limits) for details.

- Various maintenance tasks such as rolling upgrades or rolling restarts during configuration changes.
  For example, if a cluster contains `N=3` `vmstorage` nodes and they are restarted one-by-one (aka rolling restart),
  then the cluster will have only `N-1=2` healthy `vmstorage` nodes during the rolling restart.
  This means that the load on healthy `vmstorage` nodes increases by at least `100%/(N-1)=50%`
  comparing to the load before rolling restart. E.g. they need to process 50% more incoming
  data and to return 50% more data during queries. In reality, the load on the remaining `vmstorage`
  nodes increases even more because they need to register new time series, which were re-routed
  from temporarily unavailable `vmstorage` node. If `vmstorage` nodes had less than 50%
  of free resources (CPU, RAM, disk IO) before the rolling restart, then it
  can lead to cluster overload and instability for both data ingestion and querying.

  The workload increase during rolling restart can be reduced by increasing
  the number of `vmstorage` nodes in the cluster. For example, if VictoriaMetrics cluster contains
  `N=11` `vmstorage` nodes, then the workload increase during rolling restart of `vmstorage` nodes
  would be `100%/(N-1)=10%`. It is recommended to have at least 8 `vmstorage` nodes in the cluster.
  The recommended number of `vmstorage` nodes should be multiplied by `-replicationFactor` if replication is enabled -
  see [replication and data safety docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Cluster-VictoriaMetrics.html#replication-and-data-safety)
  for details.

The obvious solution against VictoriaMetrics cluster instability is to make sure cluster components
have enough free resources for graceful processing of the increased workload.
See [capacity planning docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Cluster-VictoriaMetrics.html#capacity-planning)
and [cluster resizing and scalability docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Cluster-VictoriaMetrics.html#cluster-resizing-and-scalability)
for details.


## Monitoring

Having proper [monitoring](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/Single-server-VictoriaMetrics.html#monitoring)
would help identify and prevent most of the issues listed above.

[Grafana dasbhoards](https://grafana.com/orgs/victoriametrics/dashboards) contain panels reflecting the
health state, resource usage and other specific metrics for VictoriaMetrics components.

Alerting rules for [single-node](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/blob/master/deployment/docker/alerts.yml)
and [cluster](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/blob/cluster/deployment/docker/alerts.yml) versions
of VictoriaMetrics will notify about issues with Victoriametrics components and provide recommendations for how to solve them.

Internally, we heavily rely both on dashboards and alerts, and constantly improve them.
It is important to stay up to date with such changes.